This file was created by the TYPO3 extension bib --- Timezone: CEST Creation date: 2024-04-25 Creation time: 13-25-11 --- Number of references 26 report 2023 In the framework of EMPIR project ComTraForce, the Digital Twin (DT) concept of force measurement device is developed. DT aims to shade static, continuous as well as dynamic calibration processes, preserving data quality and collecting calibration data for improved Decision-making. To illustrate the developed DT concept, a prototype realisation for static and continuous force calibration processes is developed, involving simulation with ANSYS engineering software. The focus of the current work is placed on the data connection between the physical device and the DT. The DT model is validated using traceable measurements. OksanaBaer C.Guisca RolfKumme AndreaPrato J.Sander DavoodMirian F.Hauschild report https://doi.org/10.1515/teme-2022-0113 2023 The European EURAMET project „18SIB08 – ComTraForce – Comprehensive Traceability for Force Metrology Services“ (18SIB08 – ComTraForce – Comprehensive Traceablility for Force Metrology Services. Available at: https://www.ptb.de/empir2019/comtraforce/home/ [abgerufen am: Feb. 10, 2023]) consists of seven work packages. One of that is dedicated to the development of a full traceability chain for dynamic force calibration of materials testing systems. An essential activity to meet the requirements is the development of a dynamic force transfer standard considering inertial forces and full traceability. At the beginning measurements with a specimen with strain gage bridge were carried out for dynamic force verifications as suggested in ASTM E467 (ASTM E467-21, Standard Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System, West Conshohocken, United States, ASTM International, 2021) which is calibrated statically according to DIN EN ISO 7500-1 (DIN EN ISO7500:2018-06, Metallische Werkstoffe – Kalibrierung und Überprüfung von statischen einachsigen Prüfmaschinen – Teil 1: Zug- und Druckprüfmaschinen – Kalibrierung und Überprüfung der Kraftmesseinrichtung (ISO 7500-1:2018), Berlin, Beuth Verlag, 2018) first. However, this applied specimen will represent only one of the possible test configurations of the materials testing system. Thus, the aim was to develop one specimen-like transfer standard, in best case usable for dynamic force calibrations in all configurations of materials testing systems. Finally a dynamic force transfer standard consisting of two parts was developed. The first part, specimen-like and named dynamometer, is applied with strain gages in different planes to measure force, bending strains and temperature. Furthermore, additional masses can be connected to investigate different mass distributions. The stiffness of the calibration setup can be adjusted by the second part, called stiffness adapter, to different stiffness configurations of materials testing. This article describes the design and testing process of the development of the dynamic force transfer standard. The project 18SIB08 COMTRAFORCE has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. A.Nitschke S.Neumann S.Gerber, RolfKumme Falk L.Tegtmeier DOI:10.21014/tc5-2022.104 2022 This paper describes the investigations of alignment effects and the influence of force transducer creep in conventional hardness tests performed on GUM’s deadweight-type Rockwell Hardness Standard Machine (HSM), Vickers Hardness Machine (HM), Brinell HM and INRiM’s Primary Hardness Standard Machine (PHSM). JanuszFidelus AlessandroGermak D.Bejma, AndreaPrato article 2022 Static calibration of uniaxial force transducers is performed with force standard machines which ideally generate a downward vertical force. However, these machines can be subjected to parasitic components, such as side forces and bending moments, which are transferred to the transducer under calibration. These components, mainly due to the not perfect verticality or alignment of the applied force, affect the calibration results, thus they should be estimated. In this work, parasitic side forces and bending moments are applied to six transducers by tilting and misaligning them with respect to the vertical gravitational force. Sensitivity coefficients of these parasitic components are obtained to be included in the uncertainty budget. Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia IMEKO 24th TC3, 14th TC5, 6th TC16 and 5th TC22 International Conference 11 – 13 October 2022 AndreaPrato E.Giacardi A.Facello F.Mazzoleni AlessandroGermak article 2022 This paper investigates the creep behaviour of a force transducer at different load levels. Using the results of fast-loading and creep tests, it presents a method for determining a creep correction factor. For this purpose, creep models based on exponentially decaying functions were applied along with an iterative algorithm that takes account of the history of the force-time profile. Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia IMEKO 24th TC3, 14th TC5, 6th TC16 and 5th TC22 International Conference 11 – 13 October 2022 JonasSander RolfKumme Falk L.Tegtmeier article 2022 This work is dedicated to the demonstration of a dynamic force measurement system for precise characterisation of the force transducers. The rocking motion of the system as a main dominant source of uncertainty in the acceleration is investigated. We propose a novel method based on the application of an artificial neural network for evaluation of the data as an alternative to traditional approaches to get low-uncertainty calibration measurements. In the end, two special architectures of the artificial neural network, namely Long Short-Term Memory LSTM and Gated Recurrent Network GRU are introduced, and their appropriateness for our use case is discussed. Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia IMEKO 24th TC3, 14th TC5, 6th TC16 and 5th TC22 International Conference 11 – 13 October 2022 DavoodMirian RolfKumme RainerTutsch article 2022 This paper describes a comparison of simultaneous continuous force introduction to two strain-gauge force transducer in a force calibration machine. The continuous force was generated by a single loading/unloading step of the full load of the 1 kN deadweight force calibration machine. Loading rates from 0.3 kN/s to 3.8 kN/s were applied. The results are presented for different loading speeds and for different amplifier types (225 Hz and 4.8 kHz carrier frequency). Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia IMEKO 24th TC3, 14th TC5, 6th TC16 and 5th TC22 International Conference 11 – 13 October 2022 MihaHiti article 2022 This paper compares static and continuous performance characteristics of a force transducer, determining the effect of force application rate, force application principle, and filter settings on the observed differences. It also develops a methodology for identifying and correcting possible non-synchronisation between instrument channels. Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia IMEKO 24th TC3, 14th TC5, 6th TC16 and 5th TC22 International Conference 11 – 13 October 2022 Andy J.Knott Rafael S.Oliveira report DOI:10.21014/tc6-2022.032 2022 In frameworks of EMPIR project ComTraForce the Digital Twin (DT) concept of force measurement device is developed. The aim of DT is to shade static, continuous as well as dynamic calibration processes, preserving data quality and collecting calibration data for improved decision making. To illustrate the developed DT concept a prototype realisation for static and continuous force calibration processes is developed, involving simulation with ANSYS engineering software. The focus of the current work is placed on the data connection between the physical device and the DT. The DT model is validated using traceable measurements. OksanaBaer C.Guisca RolfKumme AndreaPrato J.Sander D.Mirian F.Hauschild report ISBN978-3-8007-5835-7,E-Book:ISBN978-3-8007-5836-4 2022 Die Fachtagung „Sensoren und Messsysteme“ ist seit ihrer Begründung in Bad Nauheim im Jahr 1982 zur bedeutendsten deutschsprachigen wissenschaftlichen Veranstaltung im Bereich der Sensorik geworden. Standen anfangs insbesondere Sensoren und ihre Technologien im Vordergrund, so verlagerte sich in den vergangenen Jahren das wissenschaftliche Interesse zunehmend auf die Einbindung von Sensoren in Messsysteme und auf deren Anwendung. Besondere Schwerpunkte der Tagung im Jahr 2022 sollen Sensoren und Sensorsysteme für den industriellen Einsatz sein, die in der jüngsten Zeit spezielle Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben, z.B. Sensoren für die Umwelt und Nachhaltigkeit, Wasserstofftechnologien, Prozessmesstechnik, Internet der Dinge, Sicherheitssensorik, optische Messtechnik sowie thermische und gassensitive Sensoren. Gleichermaßen soll die Tagung auch über neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der berührungslosen Messtechnik, der Metrologie sowie der Zustandsüberwachung berichten, so dass ein ausgewogener Einblick in die aktuelle Entwicklung des Fachgebietes präsentiert wird. Die Tagung wird nach einer Corona-Zwangspause in diesem Jahr wieder vom 10. bis 11. Mai parallel zur Messe SENSOR+TEST im NürnbergConvention Center stattfinden. An zwei Tagen sind neben eingeladenen Beiträgen und Übersichtsvorträgen Präsentationen in parallelen Sitzungen und PosterSitzungen vorgesehen. Die Tagung wird gemeinsam von der Informationstechnischen Gesellschaft im VDE (ITG) und der VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik (GMA) getragen und im Jahr 2022 turnusmäßig von der ITG gestaltet S.Neumann S.Gerber, RolfKumme Falk L.Tegtmeier A.Nitschke report DOI10.1088/1361-6501/ac793c 2022 Traceability of multicomponent force and moment transducers (MCFMTs) is a metrological priority as stated within the document of future strategy 2017–2027 of the Consultative Committee of Mass and Related Quantities of Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). In this paper, a calibration system using force standard machines (FSMs) integrated with tilted plates is described. The main advantage of this method is the possibility to apply force and moment components using existing uniaxial FSMs without the necessity to modify them or to develop specific ones. On the other hand, force and moment components cannot be fully independently applied. Expanded uncertainties of the applied side forces and moments are in the order of around 5%, acceptable for several industrial applications. A procedure for the calibration and the uncertainty assessment of MCFMTs is also provided. Calibration results, in terms of main and cross-talk sensitivities, of a six-components transducer are shown. This method is easily implementable and can be adopted to improve the current standard. AndreaPrato D.Borgiattino A.Facello F.Mazzoleni AlessandroGermak report https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2022.100374 2022 This study includes measurements carried out according to ISO 376 international standard and DKD-R 3-9 guideline by using different low pass filters and continuous data acquisition, with the purpose of comprehensively investigate creep, influence of load rate and influence of load rate on hysteresis in force sensors that have two different measuring principles. It has been revealed and evaluated the contribution of these parameters to the measurement uncertainty. H.Dizdar B.Aydemir C.Vatan article https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100131 2021 The paper presents an evaluation of the loading profile effect on the testing machine calibration. First, a 20 kN force transducer was calibrated in a force calibration machine. This transducer was then used for a number of calibration runs in a 600 kN material testing machine where the time step interval of the same loading profile was varied from 120 s to 0 s. Results show good agreement for most of the range but highlight an increasing error due to synchronization and filtering issues in measured signals when approaching very short step intervals and continuous loading. MihaHiti article https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100216 2021 Piezoelectric force sensors are force measuring devices used effectively in machinery, aerospace and defense industries also these devices need to be calibrated periodically. Unfortunately, until now, a national traceability service could not be provided for these devices in Turkey. In order to respond to this requirement, a calibration setup has been established for continuous calibration of piezoelectric force transducers based on the method defined by guide document of DKD-R 3–9:2018 at TUBITAK UME Force Laboratory in Turkey. Measurement range of quasi-static force calibration system is (0–100) kN also its best relative measurement uncertainty is 0.1%. H.Dizdar B.Aydemir C.Vatan report https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100209 2021 In recent years, the increasing demand of multicomponent force and moment transducers led the necessity to develop specific calibration procedures. Sensitivity and exploitation terms of these transducers are usually expressed in matrix form to evaluate cross-talks between the different components. According to the seminal work of Ronald Fisher in 1926, to provide accurate results, calibrations shall be performed with different combinations of forces and moments in order to minimize the correlation between them. In this work, a theoretical investigation, based on an ideal transducer, on the influence of the experimental plan in the evaluation of exploitation matrix terms and the associated uncertainties as function of the number of measurements and the correlation between the applied forces and moments is performed. It is found that at decreasing number of measurements and increasing correlations between the applied forces and moments, uncertainties increase, while exploitation matrix terms are poorly affected by the chosen experimental plan. AndreaPrato D.Borgiattino F.Mazzoleni A.Facello AlessandroGermak report https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100241 2021 Static and continuous investigations on a strain gauge and a piezoelectric force transducer have shown that a third-degree polynomial is suitable for describing a characteristic curve and that a function of three decaying exponential functions can precisely describe the time-dependent behaviour shortly after loading and unloading for both types of force transducers. J.Sander RolfKumme report https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100132 2021 The paper presents an evaluation of synchronization issues when performing material testing machine calibration using continuous loading. A procedure for the compensation of a rangewide error in calibrated force values is proposed based on a correction factor determined from static and transient errors difference at a chosen force step. The procedure was applied for a calibration of a testing machine with a 20 kN force transducer and 200 N/s to 2000 N/s loading rates. The results show good performance of the compensation technique, reducing calibration errors to below 1% in non-synchronized signals even under unknown filter and delay setting. MihaHiti article https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.969 Acta IMEKO 9 (2020) 5, 200-204 2020 Dynamic measurements to correctly adjust the magnitude in fatigue testing require a dynamic calibration of force transducers and conditioning electronics if the dynamic loads are to be measured correctly. International standard ISO 4965 describes a calibration method for these components. At PTB, such a calibration of bridge amplifiers has now been performed for the first time. The calibration includes tests with static and dynamic signals. The reference for the calibration is the dynamic bridge standard of PTB. It is particularly suitable for this application as it can generate static and dynamic signals, and thus all investigations can be performed with one reference and in a reasonably short time. The signal creation and the data analysis were carried out using the open source program GNU Octave. For the data analysis, a semi-automatic procedure was developed to simplify the process. Calibrations of two digital bridge amplifiers were carried out. LeonardKlaus article https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.977 Acta IMEKO 9 (2020) 5, 240-246 2020 This article describes two twin deadweight-type Rockwell hardness standard machines (HSMs – HSM-S02 and HSM-NT) of GUM after modernization. A new control system for the station with database, a hydraulic pump, a displacement measuring system and an application enabling the operator to operate the measuring station are described. The adjustment process of the HSM-S02 with entering automatic compensation (correction) enabling the improvement of the measured result in real time is presented. JanuszFidelus M.Kozuchowski article Acta IMEKO 9 (2020) 5, 240-246 2020 This article describes two twin deadweight-type Rockwell hardness standard machines (HSMs – HSM-S02 and HSM-NT) of GUM after modernization. A new control system for the station with database, a hydraulic pump, a displacement measuring system and an application enabling the operator to operate the measuring station are described. The adjustment process of the HSM-S02 with entering automatic compensation (correction) enabling the improvement of the measured result in real time is presented. https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.977 J.Fidelus M.Kozuchowski article Acta IMEKO 9 (2020) 5, 407-413 2020 The deflection of strain-gauge force and torque transducers (the zero-reduced output signal for a given mechanical load) is dependent on the ambient temperature. This is also true of high-precision force transfer transducers used to compare force standard machines. To estimate the extent to which temperature deviations during measurements on different machines affect comparison results and – if necessary – to correct for such deviations, it is important to know the influence of the temperature on the deflection. This effect is usually investigated in special temperature chambers in which the transducer is exposed to various temperatures within a given temperature range while the machine is operated under unchanged laboratory conditions. The regression analysis of the results allows the temperature coefficient to be determined, including an uncertainty analysis. This was done for five force transfer transducers used for a bilateral comparison between NPL (UK) and PTB (Germany). https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.1010 DirkRöske article Acta IMEKO 9 (2020) 5, 137-142 2020 The results of creep tests (for compressive and tensile forces) for the HBM Z4A force transducer made in a Force Standard Machine (FSM) working in the range from 1 kN to 55 kN in the Central Office of Measures are described. Studies have shown that the largest indications of the force transducer (given in electrical units, mV/V) in the first seconds of testing are most likely due to the mechanical properties of the materials from which the transducer is built. Higher values of relative hysteresis error and relative measurement uncertainty were observed for the compressive forces. https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.956 J.Fidelus K.Cybul article ACTA IMEKO Vol 9, No 5 (2020) P. 200-204 2020 Dynamic measurements to correctly adjust the magnitude in fatigue testing require a dynamic calibration of force transducers and conditioning electronics if the dynamic loads are to be measured correctly. International standard ISO 4965 describes a calibration method for these components. At PTB, such a calibration of bridge amplifiers has now been performed for the first time. The calibration includes tests with static and dynamic signals. The reference for the calibration is the dynamic bridge standard of PTB. It is particularly suitable for this application as it can generate static and dynamic signals, and thus all investigations can be performed with one reference and in a reasonably short time. The signal creation and the data analysis were carried out using the open source program GNU Octave. For the data analysis, a semi-automatic procedure was developed to simplify the process. Calibrations of two digital bridge amplifiers were carried out. https://acta.imeko.org/index.php/acta-imeko/article/download/IMEKO-ACTA-09%20%282020%29-05-42/1531 10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.969 1 1 LeonardKlaus mastersthesis 2020 JonasSander report https://doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.1010 Acta IMEKO 9 (2020) 5, 407-413 2020 Vol. 9 No. 5 (2020): Special issue for TC3, TC5, TC16 and TC22 DirkRöske report http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i5.956 2020 The results of creep tests (for compressive and tensile forces) for the HBM Z4A force transducer made in a Force Standard Machine (FSM) working in the range from 1 kN to 55 kN in the Central Office of Measures are described. Studies have shown that the largest indications of the force transducer (given in electrical units, mV/V) in the first seconds of testing are most likely due to the mechanical properties of the materials from which the transducer is built. Higher values of relative hysteresis error and relative measurement uncertainty were observed for the compressive forces. https://acta.imeko.org/index.php/acta-imeko/article/view/IMEKO-ACTA-09%20%282020%29-05-30 JanuszFidelus K.Cybul