Finding the input features that reduce the entropy of a neural network’s prediction

This file was created by the TYPO3 extension bib --- Timezone: CEST Creation date: 2024-04-16 Creation time: 16-08-35 --- Number of references 206 article AmanovaME2024 Finding the input features that reduce the entropy of a neural network’s prediction Applied Intelligence 2024 1 25 8.4,8.42,ML 10.1007/s10489-024-05277-5 NAmanova JMartin CElster article KlauenbergGF2023 Propagation of conformity statements in compliance with the GUM and ISO 17025 Metrologia 2023 9 22 60 5 054004 8.4,8.42,Messunsicherheit 10.1088/1681-7575/acf3eb KKlauenberg JGreenwood GFoyer article KastnerMHMPCWHRE2023 Compressed AFM-IR hyperspectral nanoimaging Measurement Science and Technology 2023 9 21 8.4,8.42,LargeScaleDataAna,Regression accepted 10.1088/1361-6501/acfc27 BKästner MMarschall AHornemann SMetzner PPatoka SCortes GWübbeler AHoehl ERühl CElster article FallerAvME2023 About the Generalizability of Deep Learning based Image Quality Assessment in Mammography Machine Learning: Science and Technology 2023 9 12 8.4,8.42,ML accepted 10.1088/2632-2153/acf914 JFaller NAmanova R Evan Engen JMartin CElster article MarschallWSE2023 Machine learning based priors for Bayesian inversion in MR imaging Metrologia 2023 7 4 60 4 8.4,8.42,LargeScaleDataAna,ML 10.1088/1681-7575/ace3c2 MMarschall GWübbeler FSchmähling CElster article BrahmaKMSK2023 Data-efficient Bayesian learning for radial dynamic MR reconstruction Medical Physics 2023 6 27 8.4,8.42,ML,Messunsicherheit,LargeScaleDataAna 10.1002/mp.16543 SBrahma CKolbitsch JMartin TSchäffter AKofler article MarschallWBE2023 On modelling of artefact instability in interlaboratory comparisons Metrologia 2023 6 26 8.4,8.42,KC,Messunsicherheit accepted 10.1088/1681-7575/ace18f MMarschall GWübbeler MBorys CElster article KokDWE2023 Virtual experiments for the assessment of data analysis and uncertainty quantification methods in scatterometry Metrologia 2023 5 19 8.4,8.42,Messunsicherheit,Form accepted 10.1088/1681-7575/acd6fd GKok v MDijk GWübbeler CElster 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meta-analysis AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis 2018 1 31 102 1 1--20 8.42,KC,Unsicherheit 10.1007/s10182-016-0279-7 OBodnar CElster article WubbelerBE2018 Robust Bayesian linear regression with application to an analysis of the CODATA values for the Planck constant Metrologia 2018 1 2 55 1 20 8.4,8.42,Unsicherheit,Regression 10.1088/1681-7575/aa98aa GWübbeler OBodnar CElster article DierlEFKEE2018 Novel accuracy test for multispectral imaging systems based on ΔE measurements Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications 2018 1 2 14 1 1 8.4,8.42 10.1186/s41476-017-0069-1 MDierl TEckhard BFrei MKlammer SEichstädt CElster article BarE2018 Mathematics and Statistics for Digitalization PTB Mitteilungen 2017 10 1 127 4 69--74 8.4,8.41,8.42 https://www.ptb.de/cms/fileadmin/internet/publikationen/ptb_mitteilungen/mitt2017/Heft4/PTB-Mitteilungen_2017_Heft_4.pdf MBär CElster article SchmahlingWKRSTSE2017 Uncertainty evaluation and propagation for spectral measurements Color, 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It is shown that the proposed model is capable of linking the calibration results of both calibration methods to a much better degree. This paper is an extended version of the original contribution to the IMEKO 2015 conference in Prague, Czech Republic. dynamic modelling, parameter identification, sine force calibration, shock force calibration 8.4,8.42,Dynamik 10.21014/acta_imeko.v6i1.433 MKobusch SEichstädt article EichstadtESE2017 Evaluation of dynamic measurement uncertainty – an open-source software package to bridge theory and practice J. Sens. Sens. Syst. 2017 2 14 6 97-105 8.4,8.42,Unsicherheit,Dynamik 10.5194/jsss-6-97-2017 SEichstädt CElster I MSmith T JEsward article BodnarLAPE2017 Bayesian estimation in random effects meta-analysis using a non-informative prior Statistics in Medicine 2017 2 1 39 2 378--399 8.4,8.42,KC,Unsicherheit 1097-0258 10.1002/sim.7156 OBodnar ALink BArendacká APossolo CElster article ElsterW2017 Bayesian inference using a noninformative prior for linear Gaussian random coefficient regression with inhomogeneous within-class variances Comput. Stat. 2017 1 3 32 1 51--69 A Bayesian inference for a linear Gaussian random coefficient regression model with inhomogeneous within-class variances is presented. The model is moti- vated by an application in metrology, but it may well find interest in other fields. We consider the selection of a noninformative prior for the Bayesian inference to address applications where the available prior knowledge is either vague or shall be ignored. The noninformative prior is derived by applying the Berger and Bernardo reference prior principle with the means of the random coefficients forming the parameters of interest. We show that the resulting posterior is proper and specify conditions for the existence of first and second moments of the marginal posterior. Simulation results are presented which suggest good frequentist properties of the proposed inference. The calibration of sonic nozzle data is considered as an application from metrology. The proposed inference is applied to these data and the results are compared to those obtained by alternative approaches. random coefficient regression, Bayesian inference, noninformative prior 8.42, Regression 10.1007/s00180-015-0641-3 CElster GWübbeler article KlauenbergE2017 Sampling for assurance of future reliability Metrologia 2017 1 2 54 1 59--68 8.42, Unsicherheit 8.42, Unsicherheit, Stichprobenverf 10.1088/1681-7575/54/1/59 KKlauenberg CElster article WubbelerCE2016 Evaluation of uncertainties for CIELAB color coordinates Color Research & Application 2016 12 31 8.4,8.42,Unsicherheit 10.1002/col.22109 GWübbeler JCampos Acosta CElster article BodnarS2016 CUSUM control schemes for monitoring the covariance matrix of multivariate time series Statistics 2016 12 27 51 4 722--744 8.4,8.42 10.1080/02331888.2016.1268616 OBodnar WSchmid article WrightTMWBE2016 Transfer standard uncertainty can cause inconclusive inter-laboratory comparisons Metrologia 2016 10 20 53 6 1243 8.42,8.4,KC 8.42,8.4,KC 10.1088/0026-1394/53/6/1243 JWright BToman BMickan GWübbeler OBodnar CElster article Eichstaedt2016d On the evaluation of uncertainties for state estimation with the Kalman filter Measurement Science and Technology 2016 10 20 27 12 125009 The Kalman ﬁlter is an established tool for the analysis of dynamic systems with normally distributed noise, and it has been successfully applied in numerous areas. It provides sequentially calculated estimates of the system states along with a corresponding covariance matrix. For nonlinear systems, the extended Kalman ﬁlter is often used. This is derived from the Kalman ﬁlter by linearization around the current estimate. A key issue in metrology is the evaluation of the uncertainty associated with the Kalman ﬁlter state estimates. The “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM) and its supplements serve as the de facto standard for uncertainty evaluation in metrology. We explore the relationship between the covariance matrix produced by the Kalman ﬁlter and a GUM-compliant uncertainty analysis. In addition, the results of a Bayesian analysis are considered. For the case of linear systems with known system matrices, we show that all three approaches are compatible. When the system matrices are not precisely known, however, or when the system is nonlinear, this equivalence breaks down and diﬀerent results can then be reached. For precisely known nonlinear systems, though, the result of the extended Kalman ﬁlter still corresponds to the linearized uncertainty propagation of the GUM. The extended Kalman ﬁlter can suﬀer from linearization and convergence errors. These disadvantages can be avoided to some extent by applying Monte Carlo procedures, and we propose such a method which is GUM-compliant and can also be applied online during the estimation. We illustrate all procedures in terms of a two-dimensional dynamic system and compare the results with those obtained by particle ﬁltering, which has been proposed for the approximate calculation of a Bayesian solution. Finally, we give some recommendations based on our ﬁndings. Kalman filter, uncertainty, dynamic measurement, state-space system, state estimation 8.4, 8.42, Dynamik 10.1088/0957-0233/27/12/125009 SEichstädt NMakarava CElster article FanKVKBSSWBEST2016 Direct measurement of the γ He / γ Xe ratio at ultralow magnetic field Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2016 10 14 723 1 012045 8.42 10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012045 IFan SKnappe-Grünberg JVoigt WKilian MBurghoff DStollfuss ASchnabel GWübbeler OBodnar CElster FSeifert LTrahms article LangovoySW2016 Numerical comparison of sampling strategies for BRDF data manifolds Measurement 2016 8 12 94 Supplement C 578--584 8.42 8.42 10.1016/j.measurement.2016.08.010 MLangovoy FSchmähling GWübbeler phdthesis Fortmeier2016 Zur Optimierung von Auswerteverfahren für Tilted-Wave Interferometer Institut für Technische Optik, Universität Stuttgart 2016 7 31 Berichte aus dem Institut für Technische Optik 82 8.42,Form 8.42,Form

Stuttgart

Institut für Technische Optik, Universität Stuttgart Berichte aus dem Institut für Technische Optik 10.18419/opus-8878 IFortmeier article WubbelerBE2016 Bayesian hypothesis testing for key comparisons Metrologia 2016 7 18 53 4 1131--1138 8.42,KC 8.42,KC 10.1088/0026-1394/53/4/1131 GWübbeler OBodnar CElster article DierlEFKEE2016 Improved estimation of reflectance spectra by utilizing prior knowledge Journal of the Optical Society of America A 2016 6 23 33 7 1370--1376 dynamic measurement, dynamic uncertainty, deconvolution 8.42, Dynamik, Regression 10.1364/JOSAA.33.001370 MDierl TEckhard BFrei MKlammer SEichstädt CElster article Eichstaedt2016c On challenges in the uncertainty evaluation for time-dependent measurements Metrologia 2016 6 53 4 The measurement of quantities with time-dependent values is a common task in many areas of metrology. Although well established techniques are available for the analysis of such measurements, serious scientific challenges remain to be solved to enable their routine use in metrology. In this paper we focus on the challenge of estimating a time-dependent measurand when the relationship between the value of the measurand and the indication is modeled by a convolution. Mathematically, deconvolution is an ill-posed inverse problem, requiring regularization to stabilize the inversion in the presence of noise. We present and discuss deconvolution in three practical applications: thrust-balance, ultra-fast sampling oscilloscopes and hydrophones. Each case study takes a different approach to modeling the convolution process and regularizing its inversion. Critically, all three examples lack the assignment of an uncertainty to the influence of the regularization on the estimation accuracy. This is a grand challenge for dynamic metrology, for which to date no generic solution exists. The case studies presented here cover a wide range of time scales and prior knowledge about the measurand, and they can thus serve as starting points for future developments in metrology. The aim of this work is to present the case studies and demonstrate the challenges they pose for metrology. dynamic measurement, dynamic uncertainty, deconvolution 8.42, Dynamik 10.1088/0026-1394/53/4/S125 SEichstädt VWilkens ADienstfrey PHale BHughes CJarvis article e73c330da32016 GUM2DFT — a software tool for uncertainty evaluation of transient signals in the frequency domain Measurement Science and Technology 2016 3 22 27 5 055001 The Fourier transform and its counterpart for discrete time signals, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), are common tools in measurement science and application. Although almost every scientific software package offers ready-to-use implementations of the DFT, the propagation of uncertainties in line with the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) is typically neglected. This is of particular importance in dynamic metrology, when input estimation is carried out by deconvolution in the frequency domain. To this end, we present the new open-source software tool GUM2DFT , which utilizes closed formulas for the efficient propagation of uncertainties for the application of the DFT, inverse DFT and input estimation in the frequency domain. It handles different frequency domain representations, accounts for autocorrelation and takes advantage of the symmetry inherent in the DFT result for real-valued time domain signals. All tools are presented in terms of examples which form part of the software package. GUM2DFT will foster GUM-compliant evaluation of uncertainty in a DFT-based analysis and enable metrologists to include uncertainty evaluations in their routine work. dynamic measurements; deconvolution; discrete Fourier transform; uncertainty; 8.42, Dynamik 10.1088/0957-0233/27/5/055001 SEichstädt VWilkens article Fortmeier:16 Evaluation of absolute form measurements using a tilted-wave interferometer Opt. Express 2016 1 8 24 4 3393--3404 Tilted-wave interferometry is a promising measurement technique for the highly accurate measurement of aspheres and freeform surfaces. However, the interferometric fringe evaluation of the sub-apertures causes unknown patch offsets, which currently prevent this measurement technique from providing absolute measurements. Simple strategies, such as constructing differences of optical path length differences (OPDs) or ignoring the piston parameter, can diminish the accuracy resulting from the absolute form measurement. Additional information is needed instead; in this paper, the required accuracy of such information is explored in virtual experiments. Our simulation study reveals that, when one absolute OPD is known within a range of 500 nm, the accuracy of the final measurement result is significantly enhanced. Interferometry; Metrology; Surface measurements, figure; Aspherics 8.42,Form,EMRP-Form http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-24-4-3393 OSA 10.1364/OE.24.003393 IFortmeier MStavridis AWiegmann MSchulz WOsten CElster article Eichstadt2016 Modellierung dynamischer Messsysteme - von stochastischen Prozessen zu praktikablen Messunsicherheiten tm - Technisches Messen 2016 1 6 83 2 66-70 Dynamische Messungen spielen eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle in der metrologischen und industriellen Praxis. Zugleich stellt die Analyse dynamischer Messungen unter Berücksichtigung metrologischer Gesichtspunkte neue Herausforderungen an die mathematische und statistische Modellierung. Dieser Artikel stellt eine Reihe aktueller Modellierungskonzepte zu den einzelnen Aspekten der Messkette einer dynamischen Messungen vor. Es werden Vor- und Nachteile der Modellierungskonzepte diskutiert und Zielstellungen für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten herausgestellt. 8.42, Dynamik http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/teme.2016.83.issue-2/teme-2015-0098/teme-2015-0098.xml?format=INT 0171-8096 10.1515/teme-2015-0098 SEichstädt CElster article Bodnar2016b Evaluation of uncertainty in the adjustment of fundamental constants Metrologia 2016 1 5 53 1 S46 Combining multiple measurement results for the same quantity is an important task in metrology and in many other areas. Examples include the determination of fundamental constants, the calculation of reference values in interlaboratory comparisons, or the meta-analysis of clinical studies. However, neither the GUM nor its supplements give any guidance for this task. Various approaches are applied such as weighted least-squares in conjunction with the Birge ratio or random effects models. While the former approach, which is based on a location-scale model, is particularly popular in metrology, the latter represents a standard tool used in statistics for meta-analysis. We investigate the reliability and robustness of the location-scale model and the random effects model with particular focus on resulting coverage or credible intervals. The interval estimates are obtained by adopting a Bayesian point of view in conjunction with a non-informative prior that is determined by a currently favored principle for selecting non-informative priors. Both approaches are compared by applying them to simulated data as well as to data for the Planck constant and the Newtonian constant of gravitation. Our results suggest that the proposed Bayesian inference based on the random effects model is more reliable and less sensitive to model misspecifications than the approach based on the location-scale model. 8.42, Unsicherheit http://stacks.iop.org/0026-1394/53/i=1/a=S46 10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/S46 OBodnar CElster JFischer APossolo BToman article Klauenberg2016 Markov chain Monte Carlo methods: an introductory example Metrologia 2016 1 3 53 1 S32 When the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and methods from its supplements are not applicable, the Bayesian approach may be a valid and welcome alternative. Evaluating the posterior distribution, estimates or uncertainties involved in Bayesian inferences often requires numerical methods to avoid high-dimensional integrations. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling is such a method---powerful, flexible and widely applied. Here, a concise introduction is given, illustrated by a simple, typical example from metrology. The Metropolis--Hastings algorithm is the most basic and yet flexible MCMC method. Its underlying concepts are explained and the algorithm is given step by step. The few lines of software code required for its implementation invite interested readers to get started. Diagnostics to evaluate the performance and common algorithmic choices are illustrated to calibrate the Metropolis--Hastings algorithm for efficiency. Routine application of MCMC algorithms may be hindered currently by the difficulty to assess the convergence of MCMC output and thus to assure the validity of results. An example points to the importance of convergence and initiates discussion about advantages as well as areas of research. Available software tools are mentioned throughout. Bayesian, MCMC, Markov chain Monte Carlo 8.42, Unsicherheit, Regression http://stacks.iop.org/0026-1394/53/i=1/a=S32 10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/S32 KKlauenberg CElster article Elster2016a Bayesian regression versus application of least squares—an example Metrologia 2016 1 2 53 1 S10 Regression is an important task in metrology and least-squares methods are often applied in this context. Bayesian inference provides an alternative that can take into account available prior knowledge. We illustrate similarities and differences of the two approaches in terms of a particular nonlinear regression problem. The impact of prior knowledge utilized in the Bayesian regression depends on the amount of information contained in the data, and by considering data sets with different signal-to-noise ratios the relevance of the employed prior knowledge for the results is investigated. In addition, properties of the two approaches are explored in the context of the particular example. 8.4, 8.42, Unsicherheit, Regression http://stacks.iop.org/0026-1394/53/i=1/a=S10 10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/S10 CElster GWübbeler article Bodnar2015 Objective Bayesian Inference for a Generalized Marginal Random Effects Model Bayesian Analysis 2016 1 1 11 1 25-45 Open Access objective Bayesian inference,random effects model,reference prior 8.42, Unsicherheit http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ba/1423083638 International Society for Bayesian Analysis 1931-6690 10.1214/14-BA933 OBodnar ALink CElster article Bunk CCQM-P58.1: Immunoassay Quantitation of Human Cardiac Troponin I. Metrologia 2015 1 8 52 1A 08006 The CCQM study P58.1 assessed the equivalence of immunoassay measurements between participating NMIs. The aim of P58.1 was to demonstrate the equivalence of immunoassay measurements to determine the mass concentration of the clinically-relevant protein human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) present at low concentration relative to the protein concentration of the sample matrix. The measurement equivalence was assessed using traceability to a common certified reference material. To quantify cTnI, participants used a homogeneous sandwich-based immunoassay with an enzymatic amplification step. The antibody format consisted of a single capture and single detection antibody (referred to as 1 + 1), both were supplied to study participants. In the previous P58 study, ELISA measurement results were compared between laboratories which all used common ELISA reagents (including 96-well plates), samples, a standard for the production of calibrants, and a detailed ELISA protocol, which were supplied by a single laboratory. The P58.1 study only utilized common samples, a standard of the production of calibrants, and a set of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Because much of the experimental procedure for the P58 study was essentially standardized across participating labs, the study primarily highlighted between-laboratory differences in plate sampling designs and in plate reader response. As the participants in the P58.1 study had to produce most of their own analytical reagents and develop their own measurement procedure, the study provides a better evaluation of the equivalence of ELISA measurements between the participating laboratories. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report [http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/P58/CCQM-P58.1.pdf] The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by CCQM. 8.42,ELISA http://stacks.iop.org/0026-1394/52/i=1A/a=08006 10.1088/0026-1394/52/1A/08006 DBunk JNoble A EKnight LWang KKlauenberg MWalzel CElster article Klauenberg2015_3 A tutorial on Bayesian Normal linear regression Metrologia 2015 1 7 52 6 878--892 Regression is a common task in metrology and often applied to calibrate instruments, evaluate inter-laboratory comparisons or determine fundamental constants, for example. Yet, a regression model cannot be uniquely formulated as a measurement function, and consequently the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and its supplements are not applicable directly. Bayesian inference, however, is well suited to regression tasks, and has the advantage of accounting for additional a priori information, which typically robustifies analyses. Furthermore, it is anticipated that future revisions of the GUM shall also embrace the Bayesian view.Guidance on Bayesian inference for regression tasks is largely lacking in metrology. For linear regression models with Gaussian measurement errors this tutorial gives explicit guidance. Divided into three steps, the tutorial first illustrates how a priori knowledge, which is available from previous experiments, can be translated into prior distributions from a specific class. These prior distributions have the advantage of yielding analytical, closed form results, thus avoiding the need to apply numerical methods such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Secondly, formulas for the posterior results are given, explained and illustrated, and software implementations are provided. In the third step, Bayesian tools are used to assess the assumptions behind the suggested approach.These three steps (prior elicitation, posterior calculation, and robustness to prior uncertainty and model adequacy) are critical to Bayesian inference. The general guidance given here for Normal linear regression tasks is accompanied by a simple, but real-world, metrological example. The calibration of a flow device serves as a running example and illustrates the three steps. It is shown that prior knowledge from previous calibrations of the same sonic nozzle enables robust predictions even for extrapolations. 8.42, Regression, Unsicherheit 10.1088/0026-1394/52/6/878 KKlauenberg GWübbeler BMickan PHarris CElster article Kobusch2015 Investigations for the model-based dynamic calibration of force transducers by using shock excitation ACTA IMEKO 2015 1 5 4 2 45-51 Within the scope of the joint research project EMRP IND09 “Traceable dynamic measurements of mechanical quantities”, numerous measurements were performed at PTB’s 20 kN primary shock force calibration device to investigate and validate the approach of a model-based dynamic calibration of force transducers by using shock excitations. The tests included several strain gauge force transducers of greatly differing structural design, size, weight and mechanical coupling. By looking at a few examples, some investigated physical models of the measurement set-up and a developed data analysis procedure for parameter identification based on measured shock data are presented and discussed. The models reproduce the dynamic response including the observed modal oscillations of various origins that limit the usable measurement bandwidth. Moreover, these modal oscillations may have an important role for the parameter identification process, which is further discussed. This paper is an extended version of the original contribution to the IMEKO 2014 conference in Cape Town, South Africa. Open Access model-based dynamic calibration, dynamic calibration, dynamic modelling,editor,force transducers, imeko 8.42, Dynamik fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_8/8.4_mathematische_modellierung/Publikationen_8.4/ACTA_IMEKO_2014_Kobusch_et_al_preprint.pdf http://acta.imeko.org/index.php/acta-imeko/article/view/IMEKO-ACTA-04%20%282015%29-02-08/384 MKobusch SEichstädt LKlaus TBruns article Klaus2014a Dynamic torque calibration by means of model parameter identification ACTA IMEKO 2015 1 4 3 1 1-6 For the dynamic calibration of torque transducers, a model of the unmounted transducer and an extended model of the mounted transducer including the measuring device have been developed. The dynamic behaviour of a torque transducer under test will be described by its model parameters. This paper presents the models comprising the known parameters of the measuring device andthe unknown parameters of the transducer and how the calibration measurements are going to be carried out. The principle for the identification of the transducer’s model parameters from measurement data is described using a least squares approach. The influence of a variation of the transducer’s parameters on the frequency response of the expanded model is analysed. Open Access mechanical model,model parameter identification 8.42, Dynamik http://acta.imeko.org/index.php/acta-imeko/article/view/IMEKO-ACTA-04%20%282015%29-02-07/385 LKlaus BArendacká MKobusch TBruns article Wubbeler2015 Explanatory power of degrees of equivalence in the presence of a random instability of the common measurand Metrologia 2015 1 3 52 2 400--405 8.42, Unsicherheit, KC http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/52/2/400 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/52/2/400 GWübbeler OBodnar BMickan CElster article Kok2015 Bayesian analysis of a flow meter calibration problem Metrologia 2015 1 2 52 2 392-399 Regression, 8.42, Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/52/2/392 IOP Publishing 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/52/2/392 G J PKok A M Hvan der Veen P MHarris I MSmith CElster article Klauenberg2015 Informative prior distributions for ELISA analyses Biostatistics 2015 1 1 16 3 454--64 Immunoassays are capable of measuring very small concentrations of substances in solutions and have an immense range of application. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests in particular can detect the presence of an infection, of drugs, or hormones (as in the home pregnancy test). Inference of an unknown concentration via ELISA usually involves a non-linear heteroscedastic regression and subsequent prediction, which can be carried out in a Bayesian framework. For such a Bayesian inference, we are developing informative prior distributions based on extensive historical ELISA tests as well as theoretical considerations. One consideration regards the quality of the immunoassay leading to two practical requirements for the applicability of the priors. Simulations show that the additional prior information can lead to inferences which are robust to reasonable perturbations of the model and changes in the design of the data. On real data, the applicability is demonstrated across different laboratories, for different analytes and laboratory equipment as well as for previous and current ELISAs with sigmoid regression function. Consistency checks on real data (similar to cross-validation) underpin the adequacy of the suggested priors. Altogether, the new priors may improve concentration estimation for ELISAs that fulfill certain design conditions, by extending the range of the analyses, decreasing the uncertainty, or giving more robust estimates. Future use of these priors is straightforward because explicit, closed-form expressions are provided. This work encourages development and application of informative, yet general, prior distributions for other types of immunoassays. Regression, 8.42, ELISA http://biostatistics.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/3/454 1468-4357 10.1093/biostatistics/kxu057 KKlauenberg MWalzel BEbert CElster article Possolo2014 Evaluating the uncertainty of input quantities in measurement models Metrologia 2014 51 3 339--353 8.42,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/51/3/339 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/51/3/339 APossolo CElster article Matthews2014e Mathematical modelling to support traceable dynamic calibration of pressure sensors Metrologia 2014 51 3 326-338 dynamic measurement, pressure, parametric model 8.42, Dynamik, Regression fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_8/8.4_mathematische_modellierung/Publikationen_8.4/Mathematical_Modelling_Dynamic_Pressure_preprint.pdf http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/51/3/326 IOP Publishing en doi:10.1088/0026-1394/51/3/326 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/51/3/326 CMatthews FPennecchi SEichstädt AMalengo TEsward I MSmith CElster AKnott FArrhén ALakka article Eichstaedt2014 Evaluation of measurement uncertainties for time-dependent quantities EPJ Web of Conferences 2014 77 3 One of the main challenges in the analysis of dynamic measurements is the estimation of the time-dependent value of the measurand and the corresponding propagation of uncertainties. In this paper we outline the design of appropriate digital compensation filters as a means of estimating the quantity of interest. For the propagation of uncertainty in the application of such digital filters we present online formulae for finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters. We also demonstrate a recently developed efficient Monte Carlo method for uncertainty propagation in dynamic measurements which allows calculating point-wise coverage intervals in real-time. 8.42, Dynamik fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_8/8.4_mathematische_modellierung/Publikationen_8.4/epjconf_icm2014_00003.pdf EPJ Web of Conferences 10.1051/epjconf/20147700003 SEichstädt BArendacká ALink CElster article Spinelli2014 Determination of reference values for optical properties of liquid phantoms based on Intralipid and India ink Biomedical optics express 2014 5 7 2037--53 A multi-center study has been set up to accurately characterize the optical properties of diffusive liquid phantoms based on Intralipid and India ink at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Nine research laboratories from six countries adopting different measurement techniques, instrumental set-ups, and data analysis methods determined at their best the optical properties and relative uncertainties of diffusive dilutions prepared with common samples of the two compounds. By exploiting a suitable statistical model, comprehensive reference values at three NIR wavelengths for the intrinsic absorption coefficient of India ink and the intrinsic reduced scattering coefficient of Intralipid-20<prt>%</prt> were determined with an uncertainty of about 2<prt>%</prt> or better, depending on the wavelength considered, and 1<prt>%</prt>, respectively. Even if in this study we focused on particular batches of India ink and Intralipid, the reference values determined here represent a solid and useful starting point for preparing diffusive liquid phantoms with accurately defined optical properties. Furthermore, due to the ready availability, low cost, long-term stability and batch-to-batch reproducibility of these compounds, they provide a unique fundamental tool for the calibration and performance assessment of diffuse optical spectroscopy instrumentation intended to be used in laboratory or clinical environment. Finally, the collaborative work presented here demonstrates that the accuracy level attained in this work for optical properties of diffusive phantoms is reliable. Medical optics instrumentation,Photon migration,Turbid media 8.42,KC http://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=boe-5-7-2037<prt>&</prt>seq=0<prt>&</prt>html=true Optical Society of America EN 2156-7085 10.1364/BOE.5.002037 LSpinelli MBotwicz NZolek MKacprzak DMilej PSawosz ALiebert UWeigel TDurduran FFoschum AKienle FBaribeau SLeclair J-PBouchard INoiseux PGallant OMermut AFarina APifferi ATorricelli RCubeddu H-CHo MMazurenka HWabnitz KKlauenberg OBodnar CElster MBénazech-Lavoué YBérubé-Lauzière FLesage DKhoptyar A ASubash SAndersson-Engels PDi Ninni FMartelli GZaccanti article Schmahling2014 Virtual experiment for near-field goniophotometric measurements Applied optics 2014 53 7 1481--7 Near-field goniometric measurements are employed to determine the photometric characteristics of light sources, i.e., the spatial and angular distribution of the emitted light. To this end, a complex measurement system consisting of a goniometer and a CCD-based imaging photometer is employed. In order to gain insight into the measurement system and to enable characterization of the whole measurement setup, we propose to apply a computer model to conduct virtual experiments. Within the computer model, the current state of all parts of the virtual experiment can be easily controlled. The reliability of the computer model is demonstrated by a comparison to actual measurement results. As an example for the application of the virtual experiment, we present an analysis of the impact of axial malpositions of the goniometer and camera. Gonio,Light-emitting diodes,Mathematical methods (general),Metrological instrumentation,Metrology,Photometry,virtual experiment 8.4,8.42,Form http://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=ao-53-7-1481<prt>&</prt>seq=0<prt>&</prt>html=true Optical Society of America EN 1539-4522 10.1364/AO.53.001481 FSchmähling GWübbeler MLopez FGassmann UKrüger FSchmidt ASperling CElster article Bodnar2014a Analytical derivation of the reference prior by sequential maximization of Shannon's mutual information in the multi-group parameter case Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 2014 147 106--116 We provide an analytical derivation of a non-informative prior by sequential maximization of Shannon's mutual information in the multi-group parameter case assuming reasonable regularity conditions. We show that the derived prior coincides with the reference prior proposed by Berger and Bernardo, and that it can be considered as a useful alternative expression for the calculation of the reference prior. In using this expression we discuss the conditions under which an improper reference prior can be uniquely defined, i.e. when it does not depend on the particular choice of nested sequences of compact subsets of the parameter space needed for its construction. We also present the conditions under which the reference prior coincides with Jeffreys' prior. Bayes,Reference prior,Shannon's mutual information,statistics 8.42, Unsicherheit http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378375813002802 03783758 10.1016/j.jspi.2013.11.003 OBodnar CElster article Bodnar2014 On the adjustment of inconsistent data using the Birge ratio Metrologia 2014 51 5 516--521 8.42,KC,Regression, Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/516 IOP Publishing en doi:10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/516 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/516 OBodnar CElster article Eichstadt2014a Reliable uncertainty evaluation for ODE parameter estimation - a comparison Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2014 490 1 012230 Regression, ODE, parameter identification, dynamic calibration, modelling 8.42,Dynamik, Regression http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012230 IOP Publishing en 1742-6596 10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012230 SEichstädt CElster article Arendacka2014c Independent Quadratic Forms in 3-Variance-Component Models Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 2014 43 5 975-988 This article addresses derivation and existence of quadratic forms that were suggested by Burch (2007) for procedures for inference on variance components in mixed linear models in combination with generalized fiducial inference. A relatively simple algorithm leading to the required quadratic forms in a general 3-variance-component model is stated and designs for two-way ANOVA models without interactions that permit Burch's procedure are characterized. This complements developments in the original article by Burch. Independent quadratic forms,Random effects,Two-way ANOVA without interactions,Variance components,statistics 8.42 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03610926.2013.841925?journalCode=lsta20 Taylor <prt>&</prt> Francis Group en 10.1080/03610926.2013.841925 10.1080/03610926.2013.841925 BArendacká article Arendacka2014b Further remarks on the connection between fixed linear model and mixed linear model Statistical Papers 2014 56 4 1235--1247 8.42,mixed linear model,statistics http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00362-014-0634-2 0932-5026 10.1007/s00362-014-0634-2 BArendacká SPuntanen article Arendacka2014a Linear Mixed Models: Gum and Beyond Measurement Science Review 2014 14 2 52-61 In Annex H.5, the Guide to the Evaluation of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) [1] recognizes the necessity to analyze certain types of experiments by applying random effects ANOVA models. These belong to the more general family of linear mixed models that we focus on in the current paper. Extending the short introduction provided by the GUM, our aim is to show that the more general, linear mixed models cover a wider range of situations occurring in practice and can be beneﬁcial when employed in data analysis of long-term repeated experiments. Namely, we point out their potential as an aid in establishing an uncertainty budget and as means for gaining more insight into the measurement process. We also comment on computational issues and to make the explanations less abstract, we illustrate all the concepts with the help of a measurement campaign conducted in order to challenge the uncertainty budget in calibration of accelerometers. dynamic measurement, acceleration, dynamic calibration, mixed model, design of experiment 8.42, Dynamik, Unsicherheit fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_8/8.4_mathematische_modellierung/Publikationen_8.4/epjconf_icm2014_00003.pdf http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/msr.2014.14.issue-2/msr-2014-0009/msr-2014-0009.xml 1335-8871 10.2478/msr-2014-0009 BArendacká ATäubner SEichstädt TBruns CElster article Haslett2014 The link between the mixed and fixed linear models revisited Statistical Papers 2014 56 3 849--861 mixed linear models,statistics 8.42, Unsicherheit http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00362-014-0611-9 0932-5026 10.1007/s00362-014-0611-9 S JHaslett SPuntanen BArendacká article Heidenreich2014a A surrogate model enables a Bayesian approach to the inverse problem of scatterometry J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2014 490 1 012007 8.43,Bayes,Scatter-Inv,Regression,8.42, UQ http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012007 IOP Publishing en 1742-6596 10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012007 SHeidenreich HGross M-AHenn CElster MBär article Henn2014 Improved reconstruction of critical dimensions in extreme ultraviolet scatterometry by modeling systematic errors Measurement Science and Technology 2014 25 4 044003 8.43,Scatter-Inv,Scatterometrie, 8.42 http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/25/4/044003 IOP Publishing en 0957-0233 10.1088/0957-0233/25/4/044003 M-AHenn HGross SHeidenreich FScholze CElster MBär article Geckeler2014 Capabilities and limitations of the self-calibration of angle encoders Measurement Science and Technology 2014 25 5 055003 8.42,angle encoder,calibration http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/25/5/055003 IOP Publishing en 0957-0233 10.1088/0957-0233/25/5/055003 R DGeckeler ALink MKrause CElster article Fortmeier2014 Analytical Jacobian and its application to tilted-wave interferometry Optics express 2014 22 18 21313--25 Tilted-wave interferometry (TWI) is a novel optical measurement principle for the measurement of aspherical surfaces. For the reconstruction of the wavefront and the surface under test, respectively, perturbation methods are applied, which require the calculation of the Jacobian matrix. For the practical use of the instrument, a fast and exact calculation of the Jacobian matrices is crucial, since this strongly influences the calculation times of the TWI. By applying appropriate approaches in optical perturbation methods we are able to calculate the required Jacobian matrices analytically when the nominal optical path through the system is given. As a result, calculation times for the TWI can be considerably reduced. We finally illustrate the improved TWI procedure and apply methods of optimal design to determine optimal positions of the surface under test. For such applications the fast calculation of the Jacobian matrices is essential. Aspherics,Interferometry,Mathematical methods (general),Metrology,Surface measurements,TWI,figure,tilted-wave 8.42,EMRP_Form,Form,SimOpt http://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-22-18-21313<prt>&</prt>seq=0<prt>&</prt>html=true Optical Society of America EN 1094-4087 10.1364/OE.22.021313 IFortmeier MStavridis AWiegmann MSchulz WOsten CElster article Elster2014 Bayesian uncertainty analysis compared with the application of the GUM and its supplements Metrologia 2014 51 4 S159--S166 8.42, Bayesian, Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/51/4/S159 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/51/4/S159 CElster article Jousten2013 Final report of key comparison CCM.P-K12 for very low helium flow rates (leak rates) Metrologia 2013 50 1A 07001--07001 8.42,KC http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/50/1A/07001 IOP Publishing en 1681-7575 10.1088/0026-1394/50/1A/07001 KJousten KArai UBecker OBodnar FBoineau J AFedchak VGorobey WJian DMari PMohan JSetina BToman MVivcar Y HYan article Wubbeler2013 Simplified evaluation of magnetic field fluctuation thermometry Measurement Science and Technology 2013 24 11 115004 8.42,Bayes,MFFT,Regression, Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/24/11/115004 IOP Publishing en 0957-0233 10.1088/0957-0233/24/11/115004 GWübbeler CElster article Bodnar2013a Application of Bayesian model averaging using a fixed effects model with linear drift for the analysis of key comparison CCM.P-K12 Measurement Techniques 2013 56 6 584--590 8.42,Bayes,KC http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11018-013-0249-3 0543-1972 10.1007/s11018-013-0249-3 OBodnar ALink KKlauenberg KJousten CElster article Bodnar2013 Robust Surveillance of Covariance Matrices Using a Single Observation Sankhya A 2013 76 2 219--256 8.42,statistics http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13171-013-0044-x 0976-836X 10.1007/s13171-013-0044-x OBodnar TBodnar YOkhrin article Eichstadt2013a Comparison of the Richardson-Lucy method and a classical approach for spectrometer bandpass correction Metrologia 2013 50 2 107-118 Bandpass correction in spectrometer measurements using monochromators is often necessaryin order to obtain accurate measurement results. The classical approach of spectrometer bandpass correction is based on local polynomial approximations and the use of ﬁnite differences. Here we compare this approach with an extension of the Richardson–Lucy method, which is well known in image processing, but has not been applied to spectrum bandpass correction yet. Using an extensive simulation study and a practical example, we demonstrate the potential of the Richardson–Lucy method. In contrast to the classical approach, it is robust w.r.t. wavelength step size and measurement noise. In almost all cases the Richardson–Lucy method turns out to be superior to the classical approach both in terms of spectrum estimate and its associated uncertainties. dynamic measurement, bandwidth correction, spectral estimation, deconvolution 8.42, Dynamik fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_8/8.4_mathematische_modellierung/Publikationen_8.4/Eichstaedt_bandwidth_correction.pdf http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/50/2/107 IOP Publishing en 10.1088/0026-1394/50/2/107 SEichstädt FSchmähling GWübbeler KAnhalt LBünger UKrüger CElster article Ehret2013 Optical measurement of absolute flatness with the deflectometric measurement systems at PTB Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2013 425 15 152016 8.42, Form, SimOpt http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/425/15/152016 IOP Publishing en 1742-6588 10.1088/1742-6596/425/15/152016 GEhret MSchulz MBaier AFitzenreiter article Elster2013 Analysis of key comparison data: critical assessment of elements of current practice with suggested improvements Metrologia 2013 50 5 549--555 8.42,Bayes,KC http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/50/5/549 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/50/5/549 CElster BToman phdthesis Kohl2013 Blind separation of dependent source signals for MEG sensory stimulation experiments 2013 8.42,Gehirn,SingleTrial TU Berlin PhD Thesis FKohl article Eichstaedt2012a Efficient implementation of a Monte Carlo method for uncertainty evaluation in dynamic measurements Metrologia 2012 49 3 401 Measurement of quantities having time-dependent values such as force, acceleration or pressure is a topic of growing importance in metrology. The application of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and its Supplements to the evaluation of uncertainty for such quantities is challenging. We address the efficient implementation of the Monte Carlo method described in GUM Supplements 1 and 2 for this task. The starting point is a time-domain observation equation. The steps of deriving a corresponding measurement model, the assignment of probability distributions to the input quantities in the model, and the propagation of the distributions through the model are all considered. A direct implementation of a Monte Carlo method can be intractable on many computers since the storage requirement of the method can be large compared with the available computer memory. Two memory-efficient alternatives to the direct implementation are proposed. One approach is based on applying updating formulae for calculating means, variances and point-wise histograms. The second approach is based on evaluating the measurement model sequentially in time. A simulated example is used to compare the performance of the direct and alternative procedures. 8.42, Dynamik, Unsicherheit 10.1088/0026-1394/49/3/401 SEichstädt ALink P MHarris CElster article Nevas2012 Simultaneous correction of bandpass and stray-light effects in array spectroradiometer data Metrologia 2012 49 2 S43--S47 8.42 http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/49/2/S43 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/49/2/S43 SNevas GWübbeler ASperling CElster ATeuber article Klauenberg2012 The multivariate normal mean - sensitivity of its objective Bayesian estimates Metrologia 2012 49 3 395--400 8.42,Bayes,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/49/3/395 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/49/3/395 KKlauenberg CElster article Lira2012 Analysis of Key Comparisons Incorporating Knowledge About Bias IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2012 61 8 2079--2084 A method is proposed for analyzing key comparison data. It is based on the assumption that each laboratory participating in the comparison exercise obtains independent and consistent estimates of the measurand and that, in addition, each laboratory provides an estimate of the quantity that collects all systematic effects that the laboratory took into account. The unknown value of the latter quantity, subtracted from its estimate, is defined as the laboratory's bias. The uncertainties associated with the estimates of the measurand and with the vanishing biases' estimates are also assumed to be reported. In this paper, we show that the information provided in this way may be of help for judging the performances of the laboratories in their correction of systematic effects. This is done by developing formulas for the final (consensus) estimates and uncertainties of the measurand and of the biases. Formulas for the final estimates and uncertainties of the pairwise differences between the biases are also developed. An example involving simulated key comparison data makes apparent the benefits of the proposed approach. Atmospheric measurements,Bayesian methods,Bismuth,Gaussian distribution,Laboratories,Measurement uncertainty,Particle measurements,Systematics,Uncertainty,laboratory bias estimation,measurement errors,measurement uncertainty,performance evaluation,statistical analysis,systematic effect,vanishing bias estimation 8.42,KC http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6189781 0018-9456 10.1109/TIM.2012.2193690 ILira A GChunovkina CElster WWöger article Liebert2012 Determination of absorption changes from moments of distributions of times of flight of photons: optimization of measurement conditions for a two-layered tissue model Journal of biomedical optics 2012 17 5 057005 Time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy allows for depth-selective determination of absorption changes in the adult human head that facilitates separation between cerebral and extra-cerebral responses to brain activation. The aim of the present work is to analyze which combinations of moments of measured distributions of times of flight (DTOF) of photons and source-detector separations are optimal for the reconstruction of absorption changes in a two-layered tissue model corresponding to extra- and intra-cerebral compartments. To this end we calculated the standard deviations of the derived absorption changes in both layers by considering photon noise and a linear relation between the absorption changes and the DTOF moments. The results show that the standard deviation of the absorption change in the deeper (superficial) layer increases (decreases) with the thickness of the superficial layer. It is confirmed that for the deeper layer the use of higher moments, in particular the variance of the DTOF, leads to an improvement. For example, when measurements at four different source-detector separations between 8 and 35 mm are available and a realistic thickness of the upper layer of 12 mm is assumed, the inclusion of the change in mean time of flight, in addition to the change in attenuation, leads to a reduction of the standard deviation of the absorption change in the deeper tissue layer by a factor of 2.5. A reduction by another 4<prt>%</prt> can be achieved by additionally including the change in variance. Absorption,Biological,Brain,Brain: metabolism,Computer Simulation,Head,Head: physiology,Humans,Light,Models,Near-Infrared,Near-Infrared: methods,Oximetry,Oximetry: methods,Oxygen,Oxygen: metabolism,Photons,Radiation,Reproducibility of Results,Scattering,Sensitivity and Specificity,Spectroscopy 8.42 http://biomedicaloptics.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?articleid=1183164 International Society for Optics and Photonics 1560-2281 10.1117/1.JBO.17.5.057005 ALiebert HWabnitz CElster article Wubbeler2012 Analysis of magnetic field fluctuation thermometry using Bayesian inference Measurement Science and Technology 2012 23 12 125004 8.42,Bayes,MFFT,Regression, Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/23/12/125004 IOP Publishing en 0957-0233 10.1088/0957-0233/23/12/125004 GWübbeler FSchmähling JBeyer JEngert CElster article Toman2012 Alternative analyses of measurements of the Planck constant Metrologia 2012 49 4 567--571 8.42,Bayes,KC http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/49/4/567 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/49/4/567 BToman JFischer CElster article Bruns2012 The influence of different vibration exciter systems on high frequency primary calibration of single-ended accelerometers: II Metrologia 2012 49 1 27--31 dynamic calibration, accelerometer, dynamic measurement 8.42, Dynamik http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/49/1/005 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/49/1/005 TBruns ALink ATäubner article Bich2012 Revision of the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" Metrologia 2012 49 6 702--705 8.42,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/49/6/702 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/49/6/702 WBich M GCox RDybkaer CElster W TEstler BHibbert HImai WKool CMichotte LNielsen LPendrill SSidney A M Hvan der Veen WWöger article Henn2012 A maximum likelihood approach to the inverse problem of scatterometry Optics Express 2012 20 12 12771-86 Scatterometry is frequently used as a non-imaging indirect optical method to reconstruct the critical dimensions (CD) of periodic nanostructures. A particular promising direction is EUV scatterometry with wavelengths in the range of 13 - 14 nm. The conventional approach to determine CDs is the minimization of a least squares function (LSQ). In this paper, we introduce an alternative method based on the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) that determines the statistical error model parameters directly from measurement data. By using simulation data, we show that the MLE method is able to correct the systematic errors present in LSQ results and improves the accuracy of scatterometry. In a second step, the MLE approach is applied to measurement data from both extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and deep ultraviolet (DUV) scatterometry. Using MLE removes the systematic disagreement of EUV with other methods such as scanning electron microscopy and gives consistent results for DUV. 8.43,Diffraction gratings,Metrology,Scatter-Inv,Scatterometrie,8.42 http://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-20-12-12771<prt>&</prt>seq=0<prt>&</prt>html=true Optical Society of America EN 1094-4087 10.1364/OE.20.012771 M-AHenn HGross FScholze MWurm CElster MBär article Elster2012c On the choice of a noninformative prior for Bayesian inference of discretized normal observations Computational Statistics 2012 27 2 219--235 8.42,Bayes,Unsicherheit http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00180-011-0251-7 0943-4062 10.1007/s00180-011-0251-7 CElster ILira article Fuser2012 Optoelectronic time-domain characterization of a 100 GHz sampling oscilloscope Measurement Science and Technology 2012 23 2 025201 We have performed an optoelectronic measurement of the impulse response of an ultrafast sampling oscilloscope with a nominal bandwidth of 100 GHz within a time window of approximately 100 ps. Our experimental technique also considers frequency components above the cut-off frequency of higher-order modes of the 1.0 mm coaxial line, which is shown to be important for the specification of the impulse response of ultrafast sampling oscilloscopes. Additionally, we have measured the reflection coefficient of the sampling head induced by the mismatch of the sampling circuit and the coaxial connector which is larger than 0.5 for certain frequencies. The uncertainty analysis has been done using the Monte Carlo method of Supplement 1 to the ‘Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement’ and correlations in the estimated impulse response have been determined. Our measurements extend previous work which deals with the characterization of 70 GHz oscilloscopes and the measurement of 100 GHz oscilloscopes up to the cut-off frequency of higher-order modes. dynamic measurement, oscilloscope, dynamic calibration, impulse response 8.42,Dynamik fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_8/8.4_mathematische_modellierung/Publikationen_8.4/Fueser_Osci_preprint.pdf http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/23/2/025201 IOP Publishing en 0957-0233 10.1088/0957-0233/23/2/025201 HFüser SEichstädt KBaaske CElster KKuhlmann RJudaschke KPierz MBieler inbook Wuebbeler2012c Assessment of the GUM S1 Adaptive Monte Carlo Scheme 2012 Advanced Mathematical & Computational Tools in Metrology IX 434 8.42, Unsicherheit F. Pavese, M. Bär, J.M. Limares, C. Perruchet, N.F. Zhang World Scientific New Jersey Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences 84 54 GWübbeler P MHarris M GCox CElster inbook Eichstaedt2012e Uncertainty evaluation for continuous-time measurements 2012 Advanced Mathematical & Computational Tools in Metrology and Testing IX  126-135 dynamic measurement, continuous function, stochastic process, uncertainty 8.42, Dynamik, Unsicherheit F. Pavese, M. Bär, J.-R. Filtz, A. B. Forbes, L. Pendrill, K. Shirono World Scientific New Jersey Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences 84 16 SEichstädt CElster inbook Esward2012 Uncertainty evaluation for traceable dynamic measurement of mechanical quantities: A case study in dynamic pressure calibration 2012 Advanced Mathematical & Computational Tools in Metrology and Testing IX   143-151 dynamic pressure, calibration, dynamic measurement 8.42, Dynamik, Unsicherheit F. Pavese, M. Bär, J.-R. Filtz, A. B. Forbes, L. Pendrill, K. Shirono World Scientific New Jersey Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences 84 19 T JEsward CMatthews SDownes AKnott SEichstädt CElster phdthesis Eichstaedt_Thesis Analysis of Dynamic Measurements - Evaluation of dynamic measurement uncertainty 2012 Metrology is concerned with the establishment of measurement units and the transfer of measurement standards to industry. International comparability of measurement results requires internationally agreed guidelines for specific measurement tasks and a standardised treatment of measurement uncertain- ties. To this end, the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) provides the framework for the evaluation and interpretation of mea- surement uncertainty in metrology. However, it does not address dynamic measurements, which are of growing importance for industry and metrology. Typical examples of dynamic measurements are in-cylinder measurements in the automotive industry (pressure), crash tests (e.g., acceleration and force) or assembly line measurements (e.g., torque and force). A reliable calibra- tion of the measurement systems employed, which can be related to national standards, requires a consistent evaluation of measurement uncertainty for dynamic measurements.The goal of this thesis is to develop a framework for the evaluation of uncer- tainty in dynamic measurements in metrology that are closely related to the treatment of static measurements. The measurement systems considered are those that can be modelled by a linear and time-invariant (LTI) system since such models cover a wide range of metrological applications. The measured values are the values of the system output signal, whereas the values of the quantity of interest serve as the system input signal. Estimation of the in- put signal is considered to be carried out by means of digital filtering in the discrete time domain from which inference of the continuous-time signal is sought.This requires the design of digital filters, an uncertainty evaluation for regu- larised deconvolution and a framework for the definition and propagation of the uncertainty of a continuous function. The design of digital filters for de- convolution is well-established in the signal processing literature. The same holds true for the propagation of variances through LTI systems. However, propagation of variances through uncertain LTI systems for evaluation of uncertainty in the sense of GUM has only recently been considered. The methods developed so far focus on the evaluation of uncertainties and do not address regularisation errors. Moreover, the relation of the discrete-time es- timate to the actual continuous-time measurand has not yet been addressed.We extend the available results for the evaluation of uncertainties to the propagation of associated probability density functions and propose efficient calculation schemes. Moreover, the ill-posed deconvolution problem requires regularisation. We develop a reliable quantitative evaluation of the uncer- tainty contribution due to regularisation assuming a particular type of prior knowledge. We present a framework for the evaluation of uncertainty for con- tinuous measurements, which addresses the definition, assignment and prop- agation of uncertainty. Finally, we develop a technique for the calculation of uncertainty associated with a continuous-time estimate of the measurand from a discrete-time estimate.The proposed techniques provide a complete framework for the consistent and reliable evaluation of uncertainty in the analysis of a dynamic measurement. dynamic measurement, dynamic uncertainty, digital filter, deconvolution 8.42, Dynamik fileadmin/internet/fachabteilungen/abteilung_8/8.4_mathematische_modellierung/Publikationen_8.4/842_Dynamik_Diss_Eichstaedt.pdf

Berlin

TU Berlin PhD Thesis SEichstädt article Romero1340 Frequency analysis of atrial fibrillation surface and intracardiac electrograms during pulmonary vein isolation Europace 2011 13 9 1340--1345 Aims Frequency analysis of atrial electrograms from patients diagnosed with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) appears to be crucial in its clinical diagnosis. This work explores the fibrillatory frequency properties of both surface and intracardiac electrograms before and after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using three time<prt>\textendash</prt>frequency techniques. Methods and results Surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 21 patients diagnosed with persistent AF undergoing PVI were recorded. Three methods, Fourier, ensemble average, and wavelet analysis, were used to identify the dominant frequency (DF) in surface ECGs. Dominant frequency was also computed in electrograms recorded within the coronary sinus (CS). Dominant frequency measured within the CS was best estimated in surface lead V1 using both Fourier (relative error: 10.94 <prt>\textpm</prt> 10.37%, correlation: 0.58) and wavelet analysis (relative error: 10.97 <prt>\textpm</prt> 11.08%, correlation: 0.53). Ensemble average gave highest relative error (21.29 <prt>\textpm</prt> 18.07%) and lowest correlation (0.10). Dominant frequency decreased after right PVI. This decrease was significant (P&lt; 0.05) in most of the patients (13, 14, and 7 out of 14 when Fourier, wavelets, and ensemble average was used; 14 in CS). Further isolation of the left pulmonary veins (PVs) yielded a significant (P&lt; 0.05) decrease in only a few of them (3, 4, and 2 out of 14 when Fourier, wavelets, and ensemble average was used; 4 in CS). Conclusion Wavelet and Fourier analysis are good tools for estimating the atrial fibrillatory rate from surface ECG. A drop was observed in the DF value after isolation of the right PV. However, after left PVI this decrease was smaller. 8.42 The Oxford University Press 1099-5129 10.1093/europace/eur104 IRomero EFleck CKriatselis article Koch2011 A reference dataset for verifying numerical electrophysiological heart models Biomedical engineering online 2011 10 1 11 BACKGROUND: The evaluation, verification and comparison of different numerical heart models are difficult without a commonly available database that could be utilized as a reference. Our aim was to compile an exemplary dataset. METHODS: The following methods were employed: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of heart and torso, Body Surface Potential Maps (BSPM) and MagnetoCardioGraphy (MCG) maps. The latter were recorded simultaneously from the same individuals a few hours after the MRI sessions. RESULTS: A training dataset is made publicly available; datasets for blind testing will remain undisclosed. CONCLUSIONS: While the MRI data may provide a common input that can be applied to different numerical heart models, the verification and comparison of different models can be performed by comparing the measured biosignals with forward calculated signals from the models. Adult,Body Surface Area,Cardiovascular,Databases,Electrophysiological Processes,Factual,Heart,Heart: physiology,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Magnetics,Magnetocardiography,Male,Models,Reference Standards,Reproducibility of Results 8.42 http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/10/1/11 1475-925X 10.1186/1475-925X-10-11 HKoch R-DBousseljot OKosch CJahnke IPaetsch EFleck BSchnackenburg article Klauenberg2011 Bayesian analysis of an international ELISA comparability study Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC 2011 49 9 1459--68 BACKGROUND: Immunoassays are biochemical tests applied to measure even very small amounts of substance using the highly specific binding between an antibody and its antigen. They have a wide range of applications. The measurement however, might be associated with substantial uncertainty; this can have significant consequences for any diagnosis, or clinical decision. An international comparability study was thus performed to assess the sources of uncertainty involved in the estimation of a protein cytokine concentration using a fluorescent ELISA. METHODS: In contrast to the original publication for this international comparability study, we reanalyse the data using Bayesian inference. This provides a statistically coherent approach to estimate ELISA concentrations and their associated uncertainties. RESULTS: The Bayesian uncertainties of individual ELISAs and laboratory estimates are considerably larger than previously reported uncertainties. The average concentrations estimated here differ from the ones estimated by each study participant. In general, this leads to different conclusions about the study. In particular, the inter- and intra-laboratory consistency is increased, and repeatability problems occur for fewer laboratories. CONCLUSIONS: Decisions which are based on plausible ranges of measurements (such as credible intervals), are generally superior to those solely based on point estimates (such as the mean). Reliable uncertainties are thus vital, and not only in metrology. In this paper, a general method is developed to derive concentration estimates and valid uncertainties for ELISAs. Guidance on applying this Bayesian method is provided and the importance of reliable uncertainties associated with ELISAs is underlined. The applicability and virtues of the presented method are demonstrated in the context of an international comparability study. Bayes Theorem,Calibration,ELISA,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: standards,Internationality,Reference Standards,Regression,Uncertainty 8.42, ELISA http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/cclm.2011.49.issue-9/cclm.2011.648/cclm.2011.648.xml 1437-4331 10.1515/CCLM.2011.648 KKlauenberg BEbert JVoigt MWalzel J ENoble A EKnight CElster article Klauenberg2011a Bayesian Glaciological Modelling to quantify uncertainties in ice core chronologies Quaternary Science Reviews 2011 30 21-22 2961--2975 Valuable information about the environment and climate of the past is preserved in ice cores which are drilled through ice sheets in polar and alpine regions. A pivotal part of interpreting the information held within the cores is to build ice core chronologies i.e. to relate time to depth. Existing dating methods can be categorised as follows: (1) layer counting using the seasonality in signals, (2) glaciological modelling describing processes such as snow accumulation and plastic deformation of ice, (3) comparison with other dated records, or (4) any combination of these. Conventionally, implementation of these approaches does not use statistical methods. In order to quantify dating uncertainties, in this paper we develop the approach of category (2) further. First, the sources of uncertainty involved in glaciological models are formalised. Feeding these into a statistical framework, that we call Bayesian Glaciological Modelling (BGM), allows us to demonstrate the effect that uncertainty in the glaciological model has on the chronology. BGM may also include additional information to constrain the resulting chronology, for example from layer counting or other dated records such as traces from volcanic eruptions. Our case study involves applying BGM to date an Antarctic ice core (a Dyer plateau core). Working through this example allows us to emphasise the importance of properly assessing uncertain elements in order to arrive at accurate chronologies, including valid dating uncertainties. Valid dating uncertainties, in turn, facilitate the interpretation of environmental and climatic conditions at the location of the ice core as well as the comparison and development of ice core chronologies from different locations. (Dating) uncertainty,(Hierarchical) linear modelling,Accumulation model,Automatic weather station,Bayes,Bayesian approach,Dyer,Glaciological modelling,Ice core chronology,Layer counting,Likelihood,Posterior distribution,Prior information,Volcanic eruptions 8.42 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379111000801 02773791 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.03.008 KKlauenberg P GBlackwell C EBuck RMulvaney RRöthlisberger E WWolff article Wiegmann2011 Absolute Profilmessung optischer Oberflächen mit Mehrfachsensorsystemen tm - Technisches Messen 2011 78 4 184--189 8.42,Form,SimOpt http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/teme.2011.78.issue-4/teme.2011.0102/teme.2011.0102.xml 0171-8096 10.1524/teme.2011.0102 AWiegmann MSchulz CElster article Wiegmann2011a Accuracy evaluation for sub-aperture interferometry measurements of a synchrotron mirror using virtual experiments Precision Engineering 2011 35 2 183--190 We present a virtual experiment for the accuracy assessment of the sub-aperture interferometric measurement of a synchrotron mirror involving several thousand sub-aperture topographies. The virtual experiment simulates the measurement process and accounts for the influence of positioning device errors, interferometer errors, non-perfect calibration of machine geometry as well as errors in the interferometer reference. Two principles are considered for reconstructing the form of a test specimen from the conducted sub-aperture topographies, a stitching procedure and a direct measurement method. The virtual experiments are applied to the task of absolute form measurement (including its radius of curvature) of a synchrotron mirror with a length of 30cm, a width of 4cm, a maximum curvature of about 44mmâˆ’1 and a peak-to-valley of 5mm. As a result, reconstruction accuracies can be expected to be in the range of 100nm when the stitching method is applied, which outperforms the direct measurement method by a factor of about 3. Interferometry,Simulation,Stitching,Virtual experiment,virtual experiment 8.42,Form,SimOpt http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014163591000125X 01416359 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2010.08.007 AWiegmann MStavridis MWalzel FSiewert TZeschke MSchulz CElster article Wubbeler2011 Comparison and assessment of procedures for calculating the R(12) line strength of the ν1 + 2 ν2 + ν3 band of CO2 The Journal of Chemical Physics 2011 135 20 204304 Recently, results for the CO(2) R(12) line strength parameter have been reported, which differ significantly and are inconsistent with respect to quoted uncertainties. We investigate to what extent this inconsistency might be caused by the chosen data analysis methods. To this end, we assess and compare a parametric fitting procedure and a non-parametric approach. We apply the methods to simulated and measured line spectra, and we specify the conditions required for the safe application of the two procedures. For our present data, the corresponding conditions are satisfied for both methods, and consistent results are obtained. However, the simulations reveal that the fitting procedure can show shortcomings when the uncertainty in the wavenumber is large. 8.42 http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/135/20/10.1063/1.3662134 AIP Publishing doi:10.1063/1.3662134 1089-7690 10.1063/1.3662134 GWübbeler G JPadilla Viquez KJousten OWerhahn CElster article Bodnar2011 On the application of Supplement 1 to the GUM to non-linear problems Metrologia 2011 48 5 333--342 8.42,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/48/5/014 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/48/5/014 OBodnar GWübbeler CElster article Elster2011a Bayesian uncertainty analysis for a regression model versus application of GUM Supplement 1 to the least-squares estimate Metrologia 2011 48 5 233--240 8.42, Regression, Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/48/5/001 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/48/5/001 CElster BToman article Kohl2010 Shifted factor analysis for the separation of evoked dependent MEG signals Physics in medicine and biology 2010 55 15 4219--30 Decomposition of evoked magnetoencephalography (MEG) data into their underlying neuronal signals is an important step in the interpretation of these measurements. Often, independent component analysis (ICA) is employed for this purpose. However, ICA can fail as for evoked MEG data the neuronal signals may not be statistically independent. We therefore consider an alternative approach based on the recently proposed shifted factor analysis model, which does not assume statistical independence of the neuronal signals. We suggest the application of this model in the time domain and present an estimation procedure based on a Taylor series expansion. We show in terms of synthetic evoked MEG data that the proposed procedure can successfully separate evoked dependent neuronal signals while standard ICA fails. Latency estimation of neuronal signals is an inherent part of the proposed procedure and we demonstrate that resulting latency estimates are superior to those obtained by a maximum likelihood method. Evoked Potentials,Humans,Magnetoencephalography,Magnetoencephalography: methods,Models, Statistical,Neurons,Neurons: cytology,SingleTrial 8.42, Gehirn, SingleTrial http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/55/15/002 IOP Publishing en 1361-6560 10.1088/0031-9155/55/15/002 FKohl GWübbeler DKolossa MBär ROrglmeister CElster article Leistner2010 Magnetoencephalography discriminates modality-specific infraslow signals less than 0.1 Hz NeuroReport 2010 21 3 196--200 8.42, Gehirn SLeistner TSander GWübbeler ALink CElster GCurio LTrahms B MMackert article Wiegmann2010 Improving the lateral resolution of a multi-sensor profile measurement method by non-equidistant sensor spacing Optics express 2010 18 15 15807--19 We present a method to enhance the achievable lateral resolution of a multi-sensor scanning profile measurement method. The relationship between the profile measurement method considered and established shearing techniques is illustrated. Simulation and measurement results show that non-equidistant sensor spacing can improve the lateral resolution significantly. Image recognition,Instrumentation,Interferometry,Metrology,Surface measurements,algorithms and filters,and metrology,figure,measurement 8.42, Form, SimOpt http://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-18-15-15807<prt>&</prt>seq=0<prt>&</prt>html=true Optical Society of America EN 1094-4087 10.1364/OE.18.015807 AWiegmann MSchulz CElster article Schulz2010 Concept, design and capability analysis of the new Deflectometric Flatness Reference at PTB Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 2010 616 2-3 134--139 At PTB, a new setup for the highly accurate topography measurement of nearly flat optical surfaces is now under construction. The so-called Deflectometric Flatness Reference (DFR) is designed to measure in the direct deflectometric mode by applying an autocollimator and a scanning pentaprism, and in the difference deflectometric mode corresponding to the Extended Shear Angle Difference (ESAD) principle invented by PTB. With the new DFR instrument, horizontally as well as vertically orientated specimens with dimensions of up to 1m and a mass of up to 120kg will be measurable. The design of the new instrument is supported by employing a comprehensive simulation environment developed for dimensional measuring machines. The mechanical and optical concept is illustrated together with the current design of the DFR setup. Results from the simulations are presented to derive requirements for tolerated mechanical stage deviations and alignment accuracies. ESAD,Flatness measurement,Nanometrology,Simulation 8.42,Deflectometry,Form,SimOpt http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900209020592 01689002 10.1016/j.nima.2009.10.108 MSchulz GEhret MStavridis CElster article Sander2010 Recent advances in modeling and analysis of bioelectric and biomagnetic sources Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering 2010 55 2 65--76 Determining the centers of electrical activity in the human body and the connectivity between different centers of activity in the brain is an active area of research. To understand brain function and the nature of cardiovascular diseases requires sophisticated methods applicable to non-invasively measured bioelectric and biomagnetic data. As it is difficult to solve for all unknown parameters at once, several strains of data analysis have been developed, each trying to solve a different part of the problem and each requiring a different set of assumptions. Current trends and results from major topics of electro- and magnetoencephalographic data analysis are presented here together with the aim of stimulating research into the unification of the different approaches. The following topics are discussed: source reconstruction using detailed finite element modeling to locate sources deep in the brain; connectivity analysis for the quantification of strength and direction of information flow between activity centers, preferably incorporating an inverse solution; the conflict between the statistical independence assumption of sources and a possible connectivity; the verification and validation of results derived from non-invasively measured data through animal studies and phantom measurements. This list already indicates the benefits of a unified view. Action Potentials,Action Potentials: physiology,Animals,Brain,Brain Mapping,Brain Mapping: methods,Brain Mapping: trends,Brain: physiology,Computer Simulation,Electroencephalography,Electroencephalography: methods,Electroencephalography: trends,Electromagnetic Fields,Humans,Models,Neurological,Radiometry,Radiometry: methods,Radiometry: trends,SingleTrial 8.42, Gehirn http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bmte.2010.55.issue-2/bmt.2010.027/bmt.2010.027.xml 1862-278X 10.1515/BMT.2010.027 T HSander T RKnösche ASchlögl FKohl C HWolters JHaueisen LTrahms article Wubbeler2010 A two-stage procedure for determining the number of trials in the application of a Monte Carlo method for uncertainty evaluation Metrologia 2010 47 3 317--324 8.42,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/023 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/023 GWübbeler P MHarris M GCox CElster article Eichstadt2010i Dynamic uncertainty for compensated second-order systems Sensors 2010 10 8 7621-31 The compensation of LTI systems and the evaluation of the according uncertainty is of growing interest in metrology. Uncertainty evaluation in metrology ought to follow specific guidelines, and recently two corresponding uncertainty evaluation schemes have been proposed for FIR and IIR filtering. We employ these schemes to compare an FIR and an IIR approach for compensating a second-order LTI system which has relevance in metrology. Our results suggest that the FIR approach is superior in the sense that it yields significantly smaller uncertainties when real-time evaluation of uncertainties is desired. dynamic model, digital filter, deconvolution, dynamic measurement 8.42, Dynamik http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/8/7621/htm Molecular Diversity Preservation International en 10.3390/s100807621 SEichstädt ALink CElster article Eichstadt2010k On-line dynamic error compensation of accelerometers by uncertainty-optimal filtering Measurement 2010 43 5 708-713 The output signal of an accelerometer typically contains dynamic errors when a broadband acceleration is applied. In order to determine the applied acceleration, post-processing of the accelerometerâ€™s output signal is required. To this end, we propose the application of a digital FIR filter. We evaluate the uncertainty associated with the filtered output signal and give explicit formulae which allow for on-line calculation. In this way, estimation of the applied acceleration and the calculation of associated uncertainties may be carried out during the measurement. The resulting uncertainties can strongly depend on the design of the applied filter and we describe a simple method to construct an uncertainty-optimal filter. The benefit of the proposed procedures is illustrated by means of simulated measurements. Accelerometer,Digital filter,Dynamic measurements,Dynamik,Uncertainty 8.42, Dynamik, Unsicherheit http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224110000023 10.1016/j.measurement.2009.12.028 SEichstädt ALink TBruns CElster article Eichstadt2010j Deconvolution filters for the analysis of dynamic measurement processes: a tutorial Metrologia 2010 47 5 522-533 deconvolution, digital filter, dynamic measurement 8.42, Dynamik IOP Publishing en 10.1088/0026-1394/47/5/003 SEichstädt CElster T JEsward J PHessling article Elster2010 Analysis of key comparisons: estimating laboratories' biases by a fixed effects model using Bayesian model averaging Metrologia 2010 47 3 113--119 8.42,Bayes,KC http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/001 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/001 CElster BToman article Elster2010a Linking of a RMO key comparison to a related CIPM key comparison using the degrees of equivalence of the linking laboratories Metrologia 2010 47 1 96--102 8.42,KC http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/47/1/011 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/47/1/011 CElster A GChunovkina WWöger article Link2009b Uncertainty evaluation for IIR (infinite impulse response) filtering using a state-space approach Measurement Science and Technology 2009 20 5 055104 dynamic measurement, digital filter, deconvolution, dynamic uncertainty 8.42,Dynamik, Unsicherheit IOP Publishing 10.1088/0957-0233/20/5/055104 ALink CElster article Wiegmann2009 Suppression of aliasing in multi-sensor scanning absolute profile measurement Optics Express 2009 17 13 11098 The task of anti-aliasing in absolute profile measurement by multi-sensor scanning techniques is considered. Simulation results are presented which demonstrate that aliasing can be highly reduced by a suitable choice of the scanning steps. The simulation results were confirmed by results obtained for interferometric measurements (Nyquist frequency 1/646 μm-1) on a specifically designed chirp specimen with sinusoidal waves of amplitude 100 nm and wavelengths from 2.5 mm down to 19 μm. Image recognition,Instrumentation,Interferometry,Metrology,Surface measurements,algorithms and filters,and metrology,figure,measurement 8.42, Form, SimOpt http://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-17-13-11098<prt>&</prt>seq=0<prt>&</prt>html=true Optical Society of America EN 1094-4087 10.1364/OE.17.011098 AWiegmann MSchulz CElster article Wubbeler2009 Determination of the Complex Residual Error Parameters of a Calibrated One-Port Vector Network Analyzer IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2009 58 9 3238--3244 A novel approach for the determination of the complex residual error parameters of a calibrated one-port vector network analyzer (VNA) is proposed. The method is based on a single-reflection measurement employing a high-precision airline terminated by a short. The complex-valued residual directivity and source match are extracted over the entire measured frequency range by applying a sophisticated data analysis scheme utilizing low-pass filtering and linear prediction. By including an additional reflection measurement of the utilized short, the method allows the residual reflection tracking to be evaluated. Based on numerical simulations, advisable settings of method parameters are determined. In addition to the verification of the VNA calibration, the complex residual error parameters can be used for a second-order correction of the measured data. The significant enhancement of accuracy, which can be achieved this way, is demonstrated for standard calibrations by comparing the second-order corrected reflection data with results obtained from the well-established cross-ratio (quarter-wave) method. Calibration,calibration,complex residual error parameter determination,complex-valued residual directivity,cross-ratio method,data analysis scheme,high-precision airline,linear prediction,low-pass filtering,low-pass filters,network analysers,one-port vector network analyzer,residual error parameter,second-order correction,single-reflection measurement,vector network analyzer (VNA),verification 8.42 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=5175350 0018-9456 10.1109/TIM.2009.2017170 GWübbeler CElster TReichel RJudaschke article Chunovkina2009 Evaluating systematic differences between laboratories in interlaboratory comparisons Measurement Techniques 2009 52 7 788--793 8.42,KC http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11018-009-9340-1 0543-1972 10.1007/s11018-009-9340-1 A GChunovkina CElster ILira WWöger article Elster2009 Bayesian uncertainty analysis under prior ignorance of the measurand versus analysis using the Supplement 1 to the Guide : a comparison Metrologia 2009 46 3 261--266 8.42,Bayes,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/46/3/013 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/46/3/013 CElster BToman inbook Lira2009 Derivation of an output PDF from Bayes theorem and the principle of maximum entropy 2009 Advanced Mathematical & Computational Tools in Metrology VIII 213 8.42, Unsicherheit F. Pavese, M. Bär, J.M. Limares, C. Perruchet, N.F. Zhang World Scientific New Jersey Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences 78 31 ILira CElster WWöger M GCox inbook Wuebbeler2009 Impact of correlation in the measured frequency response on the results of a dynamic calibration 2009 Advanced Mathematical & Computational Tools in Metrology VIII 369-374 dynamic measurement, frequency response, dynamic calibration 8.42, Dynamik, Unsicherheit F. Pavese, M. Bär, J.M. Limares, C. Perruchet, N.F. Zhang World Scientific New Jersey Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences 78 52 GWübbeler ALink TBruns CElster inbook Elster2009m Analysis of dynamic measurements: compensation of dynamic error and evaluation of uncertainty 2009 Advanced Mathematical & Computational Tools in Metrology VIII 80-89 8.42, Dynamik, Unsicherheit F. Pavese, M. Bär, J.M. Limares, C. Perruchet, N.F. Zhang World Scientific New Jersey Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences 78 13 CElster ALink phdthesis Wiegmann2009a Multiple Sensorsysteme zur Topographiebestimmung optischer Oberflächen 2009 8.42,Form, SimOpt http://dx.doi.org/10.14279/depositonce-2278 TU Berlin PhD Thesis AWiegmann article Knappe-Grueneberg2008 Influence of demagnetization coil configuration on residual field in an extremely magnetically shielded room: Model and measurements Journal of Applied Physics 2008 103 7 07E925 The Berlin magnetically shielded room 2 (BMSR-2) features a magnetic residual field below 500 pT and a field gradient level less than 0.5 pT âˆ• mm , which are needed for very sensitive human biomagnetic recordings or low field NMR. Nevertheless, below 15 Hz , signals are compromised by an additional noise contribution due to vibration forced sensor movements in the field gradient. Due to extreme shielding, the residual field and its homogeneity are determined mainly by the demagnetization results of the mumetal shells. Eight different demagnetization coil configurations can be realized, each results in a characteristic field pattern. The spatial dc flux density inside BMSR-2 is measured with a movable superconducting quantum interference device system with an accuracy better than 50 pT . Residual field and field distribution of the current-driven coils fit well to an air-core coil model, if the high permeable core and the return lines outside of the shells are neglected. Finally, we homogenize the residual field by selecting a proper coil configuration. 8.42 http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/103/7/10.1063/1.2837876 AIP Publishing 00218979 10.1063/1.2837876 SKnappe-Grueneberg ASchnabel GWübbeler MBurghoff article Wiegmann2008 Absolute profile measurement of large moderately flat optical surfaces with high dynamic range Optics Express 2008 16 16 11975 We present a novel procedure for absolute, highly-accurate profile measurement with high dynamic range for large, moderately flat optical surfaces. The profile is reconstructed from many sub-profiles measured by a small interferometer which is scanned along the specimen under test. Additional angular and lateral distance measurements are used to account for the tilt of the interferometer and its precise lateral location during the measurements. Accurate positioning of the interferometer is not required. The algorithm proposed for the analysis of the data allows systematic errors of the interferometer and height offsets of the scanning stage to be eliminated and it does not reduce the resolution. By utilizing a realistic simulation scenario we show that accuracies in the nanometer range can be reached. Image recognition,Instrumentation,Interferometry,Metrology,Surface measurements,algorithms and filters,and metrology,figure,measurement 8.42, Form, SimOpt http://www.osapublishing.org/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-16-16-11975<prt>&</prt>seq=0<prt>&</prt>html=true Optical Society of America EN 1094-4087 10.1364/OE.16.011975 AWiegmann MSchulz CElster article Schulz2008 Optical flatness metrology: 40 years of progress Opt. Pura Apl 2008 41 325 Optical flatness metrology has improved significantly in the last decades due to novel measurement tools and new math-based methods. An overview is given summarizing the most important optical techniques for flatness metrology at the nanometer level. The capabilities of modern methods such as the interferometric three-flat test accompanied by a computer-aided evaluation, the Traceable Multi Sensor method as an improved stitching method, and difference deflectometry represented by the Extended Shear Angle Difference method are reviewed. Open Access Deflectometry, Interferometry, Mathematical methods, Metrology, Optical inspection 8.42, SimOpt, Form http://www.sedoptica.es/Menu_Volumenes/pdfs/314.pdf Opt. Pura Apl 10.2971/jeos.2010.10011 MSchulz AWiegmann AMarquez CElster article Romero Study of surface electrocardiogram spectrum before and after pulmonary vein ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation Journal of electrocardiology 2008 41 6 553--6 Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical cardiac arrhythmia and is usually treated with the electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins from the atria. However, it is estimated that about 30<prt>%</prt> of the patients undergoing this therapy will develop AF again. The purpose of this study was to test the dynamic changes of the spectra calculated in surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) before and after the ablation of the pulmonary veins. Surface ECGs of 14 patients with persistent AF undergoing this intervention were considered for this study. The QRS-T waves were subtracted from the ECGs using common spatial pattern, isolating the electrical activity of the atrium. The spectrum was then calculated and the main frequency peaks were identified. The smaller peaks with amplitude below 50<prt>%</prt> of the maximum were discarded. Eleven of the patients were followed up after the intervention for 1 to 6 months. Two of the patients developed AF again; the other 9 remained in sinus rhythm. For most of the patients, the spectrum showed more order after the intervention. However, the main frequency did not experience a significant decrease in average (5.1 Hz [+/-1.3] to 4.9 Hz [+/-1.0]). Interestingly, the increment or decrease of the main frequency did not correlate with the recurrence of AF or not. Atrial Fibrillation,Atrial Fibrillation: diagnosis,Atrial Fibrillation: surgery,Catheter Ablation,Computer-Assisted,Computer-Assisted: methods,Diagnosis,Electrocardiography,Electrocardiography: methods,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Postoperative Care,Postoperative Care: methods,Preoperative Care,Preoperative Care: methods,Prognosis,Pulmonary Veins,Pulmonary Veins: surgery,Reproducibility of Results,Sensitivity and Specificity,Treatment Outcome 8.42 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18817922 1532-8430 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2008.06.018 IRomero HKoch EFleck CKriatselis article Wubbeler2008 Evaluation of measurement uncertainty and its numerical calculation by a Monte Carlo method Measurement Science and Technology 2008 19 8 084009 8.42,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-0233/19/8/084009 IOP Publishing en 0957-0233 10.1088/0957-0233/19/8/084009 GWübbeler MKrystek CElster article Chunovkina2008 Analysis of key comparison data and laboratory biases Metrologia 2008 45 2 211--216 8.42,KC http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/45/2/010 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/45/2/010 A GChunovkina CElster ILira WWöger article Elster2008c Uncertainty evaluation for dynamic measurements modelled by a linear time-invariant system Metrologia 2008 45 4 464-473 dynamic measurement, digital filter, deconvolution, dynamic uncertainty 8.42,Dynamik, Unsicherheit IOP Publishing 10.1088/0026-1394/45/4/013 CElster ALink article Lira2007 Probabilistic and least-squares inference of the parameters of a straight-line model Metrologia 2007 44 5 379--384 8.42,Bayes,Regression,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/014 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/44/5/014 ILira CElster WWöger article Link2007b Modelling accelerometers for transient signals using calibration measurements upon sinusoidal excitation Measurement 2007 40 9-10 928-935 A recently proposed accelerometer model is applied for determining the accelerometer's output to transient accelerations. The model consists of a linear, second-order differential equation with unknown coefficients. It is proposed to estimate these model parameters from sinusoidal calibration measurements, and an estimation procedure based on linear least-squares is presented. In addition, the uncertainties associated with the estimated parameters are determined utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation technique. The performance of the proposed modelling approach was tested by its application to calibration measurements of two back-to-back accelerometers (ENDEVCO type 2270 and Br<prt>ü</prt>el <prt>&</prt> Kjær type 8305). For each of the two accelerometers, the model was first estimated from sinusoidal calibration measurements and then used to predict the accelerometer's behaviour for two shock calibration measurements. Measured and predicted shock sensitivities were found consistent with differences below 1<prt>%</prt> in most cases which confirms the benefit of the proposed modelling approach. IIR filter,Modelling,Shock excitation,Sinusoidal excitation,Uncertainty, dynamic measurement 8.42,Dynamik 10.1016/j.measurement.2006.10.011 ALink ATäubner WWabinski TBruns CElster article Link2007c Comparing a template approach and complex bandpass filtering for single-trial analysis of auditory evoked M100 Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering 2007 52 1 106--10 Two methods for single-trial analysis were compared, an established parametric template approach and a recently proposed non-parametric method based on complex bandpass filtering. The comparison was carried out by means of pseudo-real simulations based on magnetoencephalography measurements of cortical responses to auditory signals. The comparison focused on amplitude and latency estimation of the M100 response. The results show that both methods are well suited for single-trial analysis of the auditory evoked M100. While both methods performed similarly with respect to latency estimation, the non-parametric approach was observed to be more robust for amplitude estimation. The non-parametric approach can thus be recommended as an additional valuable tool for single-trial analysis. Algorithms,Auditory,Auditory: physiology,Computer-Assisted,Computer-Assisted: methods,Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted,Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted: methods,Electroencephalography,Electroencephalography: methods,Evoked Potentials, Auditory,Evoked Potentials, Auditory: physiology,Likelihood Functions,Reproducibility of Results,Sample Size,Sensitivity and Specificity,Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted 8.42, Gehirn http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17313344 0013-5585 10.1515/BMT.2007.020 ALink MBurghoff ASalajegheh DPoeppel LTrahms CElster article Seifert2007 Patient safety concept for multichannel transmit coils Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2007 26 5 1315--21 PURPOSE: To propose and illustrate a safety concept for multichannel transmit coils in MRI based on finite-differences time-domain (FDTD) simulations and validated by measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FDTD simulations of specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions in a cylindrical agarose phantom were carried out for various radio frequency (RF) driving conditions of a four-element coil array. Additionally, maps of transmit amplitude, signal phase, and temperature rise following RF heating were measured by MRI. RESULTS: Quantitative agreement was achieved between simulated and measured field distributions, thus validating the numerical modeling. When applying the same RF power to each element of the coil array but systematically varying the RF phase between its elements, the maximum of the SAR distribution was found to vary by a factor of about 15. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that current RF safety approaches are inadequate to deal with the new challenge of multichannel transmit coils. We propose a new concept based on a systematic investigation of the parameter space for RF phases and amplitudes. In this way the driving conditions generating the highest local SAR values per unit power can be identified and appropriately considered in the RF safety concept of a given MRI system. Biological,Body Burden,Computer Simulation,Electromagnetic Fields,Equipment Safety,Equipment Safety: methods,Germany,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Magnetic Resonance Imaging: instrumentation,Models, Biological,Radiation Dosage,Radiation Monitoring,Radiation Monitoring: methods,Radiation Protection,Radiation Protection: methods,Relative Biological Effectiveness,Risk Assessment,Risk Assessment: methods,Risk Factors,Transducers,Whole-Body Counting,Whole-Body Counting: methods 8.42 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969165 1053-1807 10.1002/jmri.21149 FSeifert GWübbeler SJunge BIttermann HRinneberg article Wubbeler2007 Verification of humans using the electrocardiogram Pattern Recognition Letters 2007 28 10 1172--1175 A feasibility study on the potential of the electrocardiogram (ECG) for biometrical applications is presented. A test set of 234 ECG recordings from 74 subjects was compiled emulating a realistic scenario for ECG biometrics by using short measurements of 10s length in combination with a practicable choice of ECG leads. The long-term stability of the individual ECG was investigated during time periods up to several years. Verification and identification was done by utilizing the heart vector and a simple distance measure. As a result, encouraging error rates were obtained; for verification, for instance, the achieved equal error rate was smaller than 3<prt>%</prt>. Biometrics,Electrocardiogram (ECG),Identification,Verification 8.42 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167865507000463 01678655 10.1016/j.patrec.2007.01.014 GWübbeler MStavridis DKreiseler R-DBousseljot CElster article Wubbeler2007a Latency analysis of single auditory evoked M100 responses by spatio-temporal filtering Physics in medicine and biology 2007 52 15 4383--92 Appropriate spatial filtering followed by temporal filtering is well suited for the single-trial analysis of multi-channel magnetoencephalogram or electroencephalogram recordings. This is demonstrated by the results of a single-trial latency analysis obtained for auditory evoked M100 responses from nine subjects using two different stimulation frequencies. Spatial filters were derived automatically from the data via noise-adjusted principle component analysis, and single-trial latencies were estimated from the signal phase after complex bandpass filtering. For each of the two stimulation frequencies, estimated single-trial latencies were consistent with results obtained from a standard approach using averaged evoked responses. The quality of the estimated single-trial latencies was additionally assessed by their ability to separate between the two different stimulation frequencies. As a result, more than 80<prt>%</prt> of the single trials can be classified correctly by their estimated latencies. Acoustic Stimulation,Acoustic Stimulation: methods,Algorithms,Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted,Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted: methods,Evoked Potentials, Auditory,Evoked Potentials, Auditory: physiology,Humans,Magnetoencephalography,Magnetoencephalography: methods,Pitch Perception,Pitch Perception: physiology,Reaction Time,Reaction Time: physiology,Reproducibility of Results,Sensitivity and Specificity 8.42, Gehirn http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634639 0031-9155 10.1088/0031-9155/52/15/002 GWübbeler ALink MBurghoff LTrahms CElster article Elster2007 Draft GUM Supplement 1 and Bayesian analysis Metrologia 2007 44 3 L31--L32 8.42,Bayes,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/44/3/N03 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/44/3/N03 CElster WWöger M GCox article Elster2007b Analysis of dynamic measurements and determination of time-dependent measurement uncertainty using a second-order model Measurement Science and Technology 2007 18 12 3682-3687 dynamic measurement 8.42,Dynamik, Unsicherheit IOP Publishing en 10.1088/0957-0233/18/12/002 CElster ALink TBruns article Elster2007a Calculation of uncertainty in the presence of prior knowledge Metrologia 2007 44 2 111--116 8.42,Unsicherheit http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0026-1394/44/2/002 IOP Publishing en 0026-1394 10.1088/0026-1394/44/2/002 CElster article Martens2006 Final report on the key comparison EUROMET.AUV.V-K1 Metrologia 2006 43 1A 09002-09002 8.42,Dynamik,KC IOP Publishing 10.1088/0026-1394/43/1A/09002 H-Jvon Martens CElster ALink ATäubner TBruns article Link2006a Calibration of accelerometers: determination of amplitude and phase response upon shock excitation Measurement Science and Technology 2006 17 7 1888-1894 8.42,Dynamik IOP Publishing en 10.1088/0957-0233/17/7/030 ALink ATäubner WWabinski TBruns CElster article Link2006 Modellierung von Kraft- und Beschleunigungsaufnehmern für die Stoßkalibrierung (Modelling Force and Acceleration Transducers for Shock Calibrations) tm - Technisches Messen 2006 73 12 675-683 8.42,Dynamik 10.1524/teme.2006.73.12.675 ALink MKobusch TBruns CElster article Leistner2006 Tonic neuronal activation during simple and complex finger movements analyzed by DC-magnetoencephalography Neuroscience letters 2006 394 1 42--7 Functional neuroimaging techniques map neuronal activation indirectly via local concomitant cortical vascular/metabolic changes. In a complementary approach, DC-magnetoencephalography measures neuronal activation dynamics directly, notably in a time range of the slow vascular/metabolic response. Here, using this technique neuronal activation dynamics and patterns for simple and complex finger movements are characterized intraindividually: in 6/6 right-handed subjects contralateral prolonged (30 s each) complex self-paced sequential finger movements revealed stronger field amplitudes over the pericentral sensorimotor cortex than simple movements. A consistent lateralization for contralateral versus ipsilateral finger movements was not found (4/6). A subsequent sensory paradigm focused on somatosensory afferences during the motor tasks and the reliability of the measuring technique. In all six subjects stable sustained neuronal activation during electrical median nerve stimulation was recorded. These neuronal quasi-tonic activation characteristics provide a new non-invasive neurophysiological measure to interpret signals mapped by functional neuroimaging techniques. Adult,Brain Mapping,Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory,Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory: physiology,Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory: radiation effect,Female,Fingers,Fingers: physiology,Functional Laterality,Functional Laterality: physiology,Humans,Magnetoencephalography,Male,Motor Cortex,Motor Cortex: physiology,Motor Cortex: radiation effects,Movement,Movement: physiology,Movement: radiation effects,Psychomotor Performance,Psychomotor Performance: physiology,Psychomotor Performance: radiation effects,Somatosensory,Somatosensory: physiology,Somatosensory: radiation effect 8.42, Gehirn http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304394005011523 0304-3940 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.004 SLeistner GWübbeler LTrahms GCurio B MMackert article Schulz2006 Traceable multiple sensor system for measuring curved surface profiles with high accuracy and high lateral resolution Optical Engineering 2006 45 6 8.42,Form,SimOpt 10.1117/1.2208568 MSchulz CElster article Elster2006 Coupled distance sensor systems for high-accuracy topography measurement: Accounting for scanning stage and systematic sensor errors Precision Engineering 2006 30 1 32--38 Scanning topography measurements using systems of coupled distance sensors suffer from the presence of scanning stage and systematic sensor errors. While scanning stage errors can be estimated for suitably-designed sensor systems, it is usually not possible to simultaneously estimate both scanning stage and systematic sensor errors. Additional angular scanning stage measurements can solve this problem, and potentials and limitations of such a proceeding will be assessed. It is shown that perfect topography reconstruction can be achieved in the presence of systematic sensor and certain scanning stage errors provided that the measurements are noise-free and no further systematic errors emerge. In general, the topography is reconstructed by the application of least-squares, and the uncertainty associated with the reconstructed topography is derived. Resulting topography accuracies are evaluated for different noise levels of the distance sensor and angular scanning stage measurements, and practical considerations are discussed. The gain in accuracy due to accounting for scanning stage and systematic sensor errors can be large, and high accuracies can be reached. Angular measurement,Distance sensor,High accuracy,High resolution,Least-squares,Topography,Uncertainty 8.42,Form,SimOpt http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141635905000504 01416359 10.1016/j.precisioneng.2005.04.001 CElster IWeingärtner MSchulz article Geckeler2006 Calibration of angle encoders using transfer functions Measurement Science and Technology 2006 17 10 2811--2818 8.42 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231067471<prt>\_</prt>Calibration<prt>\_</prt>of<prt>\_</prt>angle<prt>\_</prt>encoders<prt>\_</prt>using<prt>\_</prt>transfer<prt>\_</prt>functions 0957-0233 10.1088/0957-0233/17/10/036 R DGeckeler AFricke CElster article Nicolaus2005 Diameter Determination of Avogadro Spheres #1 and #2 IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2005 54 2 872--876 Absolute density,Arm,Avogadro constant,Avogadro spheres,Avogadro's constant,Crystalline materials,Density measurement,Germany,IMGC,Italy,Laser tuning,Optical fiber testing,Optical interferometry,Performance evaluation,Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,Silicon,Surfaces,Volume measurement,absolute density,constants,diameter determination,diameter measurements,mass measurement,silicon crystal,spatial distribution,spheres interferometer,spherical beams,spherical reference plates,volume,volume measurement 8.42 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1408309 IEEE English 0018-9456 10.1109/TIM.2005.843527 R ANicolaus CElster article VonMartens2005 Fortschritte bei Schwingungs- und Stoßkalibrierung mittels Laserinterferometrie Technisches Messen 2005 72 141-152 8.42,Dynamik 10.1524/teme.72.3.141.60281 H-Jvon Martens WWabinski ALink H-JSchlaak ATäubner UGöbel article Link2005 Identifikation von Beschleunigungsaufnehmern mit hochintensiven Stößen tm - Technisches Messen 2005 72 3-2005 153-160 8.42,Dynamik 10.1524/teme.72.3.153.60277 ALink WWabinski H-Jvon Martens article Schmitz2005 Magnetocardiography in a fetus with Long-QT syndrome Circulation 2005 112 e68--e69 8.42 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.494104 LSchmitz MBurghoff article Bousseljot2005 Telemetric ECG evaluation using Einthoven-Leads Comput. Cardiol. 2005 57--60 Biomedical electrodes,CSE test data set,Cardiology,Databases,ECG database,Einthoven-leads,Electrocardiography,Medical diagnostic imaging,Myocardium,Pressure measurement,Sensitivity and specificity,Telemetry,Testing,biomedical equipment,biomedical telemetry,blind test,conduction disturbance,cross correlation method,diseases,electrocardiography,ischaemic diseases,medical computing,medical information systems,medical leads,myocardial infarction,patient diagnosis,probability,probability distributions,telemetric 12-channel ECG evaluation,telemetric 3-channel ECG evaluation,ventricular hypertrophy 8.42 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1588032 IEEE Computers in Cardiology, 2005 English 0-7803-9337-6 10.1109/CIC.2005.1588032 RBousseljot DKreiseler article Burghoff2005 A template-free approach for determining the latency of single events of auditory evoked M100 Physics in medicine and biology 2005 50 3 N43--8 The phase of the complex output of a narrow band Gaussian filter is taken to define the latency of the auditory evoked response M100 recorded by magnetoencephalography. It is demonstrated that this definition is consistent with the conventional peak latency. Moreover, it provides a tool for reducing the number of averages needed for a reliable estimation of the latency. Single-event latencies obtained by this procedure can be used to improve the signal quality of the conventional average by latency adjusted averaging. Evoked Potentials, Auditory,Magnetoencephalography,Magnetoencephalography: methods,Models, Theoretical,Normal Distribution,Time Factors 8.42, Gehirn http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773733 0031-9155 10.1088/0031-9155/50/3/N04 MBurghoff ALink ASalajegheh CElster DPoeppel LTrahms article Elster2005a Quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy: semi-parametric modeling and determination of uncertainties Magnetic resonance in medicine 2005 53 6 1288--96 A semi-parametric approach for the quantitative analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) spectra is proposed and an uncertainty analysis is given. Single resonances are described by parametric models or by parametrized in vitro spectra and the baseline is determined nonparametrically by regularization. By viewing baseline estimation in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, an explicit parametric solution for the baseline is derived. A Bayesian point of view is adopted to derive uncertainties, and the many parameters associated with the baseline solution are treated as nuisance parameters. The derived uncertainties formally reduce to Cram<prt>é</prt>r-Rao lower bounds for the parametric part of the model in the case of a vanishing baseline. The proposed uncertainty calculation was applied to simulated and measured MR spectra and the results were compared to Cram<prt>é</prt>r-Rao lower bounds derived after the nonparametrically estimated baselines were subtracted from the spectra. In particular, for high SNR and strong baseline contributions the proposed procedure yields a more appropriate characterization of the accuracy of parameter estimates than Cr<prt>é</prt>mer-Rao lower bounds, which tend to overestimate accuracy. Bayes Theorem,Brain Chemistry,Computer Simulation,Computer-Assisted,Humans,Least-Squares Analysis,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: methods,Models, Statistical,Regression,Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted,Statistical 8.42, Unsicherheit, in-vivo http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15906296 0740-3194 10.1002/mrm.20500 CElster FSchubert ALink MWalzel FSeifert HRinneberg article Elster2005 Analysis of Key Comparison Data: Unstable Travelling Standards Measurement Techniques 2005 48 9 883--893 8.42,KC http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11018-005-0239-1 0543-1972 10.1007/s11018-005-0239-1 CElster WWöger M GCox