Measuring height by connecting clocks
Researchers from Garching and Braunschweig transport frequencies with high precision over almost 2000 km - important, among other things, for geodesy
17.09.2013
Sie ähnelt einem ausgebeulten Fußball: Das ist die Erde, wenn man sie als Geoid darstellt. Die Höhe der "Beulen", die mit dem Schwerefeld der Erde zu tun haben, sind hier vom Satelliten Goce ermittelt worden. Die Daten sind zwar präzise, was die jeweilige Höhe der "Buckel" angeht, aber die seitliche Auflösung beträgt mehrere Kilometer. Will man die Höhe von kleineren Strukturen und Orten auf der Erde wissen, kann man in Zukunft Frequenzvergleiche zwischen optischen Atomuhren einsetzen. Der Transport der Frequenz gelang jetzt über rund 2000 km Entfernung mit einer Auflösung, die nur 4 mm Höhendifferenz entspricht. (Abb.: ESA)
Quite a lot of things may go wrong in bridge building. The inhabitants of the German and the Swiss parts of Laufenburg were already looking forward to a new bridge over the Rhine, the High Rhine Bridge, when people were taken aback: The heights of the two bridge parts growing towards each other differed by 54 centimeters. An embarrassing error: Someone had, in the height networks of Switzerland and Germany, included the known height difference of 27 centimeters incorrectly into the calculation so that they were doubled instead of deleted. This height difference existed because the Germans refer, for such calculations, to the sea level of the North Sea, whereas the Swiss refer to the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea. This means that "sea level" is not the same everywhere. To rule such errors out in future, the geodesists would like to re-compute sea level on the basis of the gravitational force of the Earth. It is the objective of the geodesists to exactly determine the so-called geoid of the Earth to a few centimeters. For this purpose, the optical atomic clocks, which have for some years been developed by physicists of PTB and elsewhere, are exactly what they need. These clocks offer the perspective of realizing a frequency with such accuracy that even the small frequency deviations, which are caused by a height difference of a few centimeters, eventually become evident. What lies behind this is Einstein's general theory of relativity, the so-called gravitational red shift: If a clock is further way from the Earth, time actually runs a little faster for it. For a height difference of one meter, the rate (i.e. the frequency) of a clock changes by 1 · 10-16. A lot of things have already been investigated in this field: Atomic clocks have, for example, been transported halfway around the world in aircraft - and afterwards it was actually found that their time had passed slightly differently to that of an atomic clock on Earth. And three years ago, Chou et al. (Science 2010) installed two optical aluminium clocks in neighboring laboratories with a height difference of 33 cm - and they were able, in fact, to measure the influence this small height difference has on the frequencies of the two clocks. "But how can I measure the height difference, i.e. this frequency difference, if the two clocks are not standing side by side? That is to say: How can I establish the connection to a second clock which is standing where a height must be measured with such accuracy?" asks Gesine Grosche, physicist at PTB. To find an answer to this question, she and her colleagues from the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching have investigated in the past few years how such "precision frequencies", as they can be generated by an optical atomic clock, can be sent on a journey. After they reported last year in the journal "Science" that they had succeeded in realizing a frequency comparison over the section of 920 km between the MPQ and PTB, they have now doubled this section - and generated even better stabilities. "We can obtain the required correct values very quickly without having to perform long measurements," explains Stefan Droste from the MPQ. "The total measurement uncertainty lies at only 4 · 10-19, allowing a height difference of 4 mm between clocks to be resolved within 100 seconds of measurement time only."
Such values make the new technology highly interesting for practical applications. "In principle, optical clocks in research institutes which are further away can now be quasi 'interconnected' and used for all purposes, for which such 'good' frequencies are required," explains Ronald Holzwarth from the MPQ. A first application for basic research has also just been documented, i.e. in June 2013 in the journal "Physical Review Letters": Researchers from the MPQ and PTB as well as French researchers have used this possibility to carry out spectroscopic investigations on hydrogen, which are important for the fundamental question of whether quantum mechanics really gives a good description of the world.
And now the geodesists are virtually just around the corner. "Together with the universities of Hanover and Bremen, we are preparing the application for a special research area," says Gesine Grosche. In addition, this research could also be used for radio-astronomic investigations. For that purpose, our colleagues in Australia do not want to compare frequencies over 2000 km, but over approximately 4000 km which is, of course, making things even more complicated. But Gesine Grosche is optimistic: "Now that we have laid the foundations for this, we will probably also achieve it!"
And, naturally, also the good cooperation over many years between PTB and the MPQ in this field will continue. Perhaps some day the height between Braunschweig and Garching will be measured over the large distance - of course also via the glass fiber link and with the aid of a clock comparison.
Contact
Stefan Droste, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik,
Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1,
85748 Garching near Munich,
phone: +49(89) 32905-266,
e-mail: stefan.droste(at)mpq.mpg.de
Dr. Gesine Grosche, PTB Working Group 4.34 "Frequency Transfer with Optical Fibers",
phone: +49(531) 592-4340,
e-mail: gesine.grosche(at)ptb.de
Current scientific publication
S. Droste, F. Ozimek, Th. Udem, K. Predehl, T. W. Hänsch, H. Schnatz, G. Grosche, R. Holzwarth: Optical Frequency Transfer over a single-span 1840-km Fiber Link. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 110801 (2013)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v111/i11/e110801
The other three publications mentioned are:
A. Matveev, C. G. Parthey, K. Predehl, .J. Alnis, A. Beyer, R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, T. Wilken, N. Kolachevsky, M. Abgrall, D. Rovera, C. Salomon, P. Laurent, G. Grosche, O. Terra, T. Legero, H. Schnatz, S. Weyers, B. Altschul, T.W. Hänsch: Precision Measurement of the Hydrogen 1S-2S Frequency via a 920-km Fiber Link. Phys. Rev. Lett 110, 230801 (2013)
K. Predehl, G. Grosche, S.M.F. Raupach, S. Droste, O. Terra, J. Alnis, Th. Legero, T.W. Hänsch, Th. Udem, R. Holzwarth, and H. Schnatz: A 920 km Optical Fiber Link for Frequency Metrology at the 19th Decimal Place. Science, 27 April 2012 T.C.W. Chou, D.B. Hume, T. Rosenband, D.J. Wineland: Optical Clocks and Relativity. Science 329, 1630-1633 (2010)
Previous press releases dealing with this subject
Comparison of atomic clocks via the information superhighway (26.4.2012) - Sound creates light (31.5.2010)