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Selected Publications and Bibliography

Review Articles and Books from PTB Authors

Recommended Literature from other Authors

Caesium-Clocks with Thermal Atomic Beam

Caesium-Fountains

Low Frequency Transmitter DCF77

Time and Frequency Transfer

Optical Frequency Standards

Tests of variablility of fundamental constants

Optical Nuclear Spectroscopy of 229Th


Review Articles and Books from PTB Authors

E. Peik, U. Sterr: Optische Uhren. Physik in unserer Zeit 6, 288-294 (2008)

F. Riehle: Frequency standards: basics and applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2005)

R. Wynands, S. Weyers: Atomic fountain clocks [pdf]. Metrologia 42, 64-79 (2005)

A. Bauch: Caesium atomic clocks: function, performance, and applications [pdf] 1). Measurement Science and Technology 14, 1159-1173 (2003)

A. Bauch, T. Heindorff: Die SI-Basiseinheit "Sekunde" [pdf]. PTB-Mitteilungen 112, 291-298 (2003)

A. Bauch, H. R. Telle: Frequency standards and frequency measurement [pdf]1). Reports on Progress in Physics 65, 789-843 (2002)

A. Bauch: Eine Notiz zur Geschichte der Caesiumatomuhren [pdf]. PTB-Mitteilungen 105, 430-433 (1999)

A. Bauch: Genaue Zeit in Wissenschaft und Technik. Physik in unserer Zeit 2, 60-68 (1995)

A. Bauch: Lieferanten der Zeit. Physik in unserer Zeit 4, 188-198 (1994)


Recommended Literature from other Authors

L. Maleki: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, ed. World Scientific, Singapore (2008)

H. J. Metcalf, P.v.d. Straten: Laser cooling and trapping. Springer, Berlin (2006)

N. F. Ramsey: History of early atomic clocks. Metrologia 42, 1-3 (2005)

B. Guinot, E. F. Arias: Atomic time-keeping from 1955 to the present. Metrologia 42, 20-29 (2005)

P. Gill: Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, ed. World Scientific, Singapore (2001)

C. Audoin, B.Guinot, S. Lyle: The measurement of time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)

A. Luiten (Ed.): Frequency measurement and control - advanced techniques and future trends. Springer, Berlin (2001)

T. Jones: Splitting the Second - The story of atomic time. Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia (2000)

J. Levine: Introduction to time and frequency metrology. Review of Scientific Instruments 70, 2567-2596 (1999)

P. Fisk: Trapped-ion and trapped-atom microwave frequency standards. Rep. Prog. Phys. 60, 761-817 (1997)

C. Audoin: Caesium beam frequency standards: classical and optically pumped. Metrologia 29, 113-134 (1992)

J. Vanier, C. Audoin: The quantum physics of atomic frequency standards. Adam Hilger, Bristol and Philadelphia (1989)


Caesium-Clocks with Thermal Atomic Beam

A. Bauch: The PTB primary clocks CS1 and CS2 [pdf] 1). Metrologia 42, 43-54 (2005)

A. Bauch, B. Fischer, T. Heindorff, P. Hetzel, G. Petit, R. Schröder, P. Wolf: Comparisons of the PTB primary clocks with TAI in 1999 [pdf] 1). Metrologia 37, 683-692 (2000)

A. Bauch, B. Fischer, T. Heindorff, R. Schröder: Performance of the PTB reconstructed primary clock CS1 and an estimate of its current uncertainty [pdf] 1). Metrologia 35, 829-845 (1998)

A. Bauch, R. Schröder: Experimental Verification of the Shift of the Cesium Hyperfine Transition Frequency due to Blackbody Radiation [pdf] 2) . Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 622-625 (1997)

A. Bauch: Optical Pumping in Cs Atomic Clocks. PTB-Bericht, PTB-Opt-51, Braunschweig, 105-113 (1996)

S. Weyers: Optische Zustandspräparation und Detektion in einer Caesium-Atomuhr mit magnetischer Zustandsselektion. Dissertation der Universität Münster. PTB-Opt-45, Braunschweig (1994)


Caesium-Fountains

V. Gerginov, N. Nemitz, S. Weyers, R. Schröder,  D. Griebsch and R. Wynands: Uncertainty evaluation of the caesium fountain clock PTB-CSF2 [pdf]. Metrologia 47, 65-79 (2010)

B. Lipphardt, G. Grosche, U. Sterr, Chr. Tamm, S. Weyers and H. Schnatz: The Stability of an Optical Clock Laser Transferred to the Interrogation Oscillator for a Cs Fountain [pdf] 4). IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 58 (4), 1258–1262 (2009)

S. Weyers, B. Lipphardt, and H. Schnatz: Reaching the quantum limit in a fountain clock using a microwave oscillator phase locked to an ultrastable laser [pdf] 2). Phys. Rev. A 79, 031803(R) (2009)

N. Nemitz, V. Gerginov, R. Schröder, S. Weyers and R. Wynands: The PTB Fountain Clock Ensemble - Preliminary Characterization of the New Fountain CSF2. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology 2008, Asilomar, CA, USA, 338–342, ISBN 10 981-283-821-X (World Scientific)

K. Szymaniec, W. Chalupczak, S. Weyers, R. Wynands: Prospects of operating a caesium fountain clock at zero collisional frequency shift [pdf] 3). Applied Physics B 89, 187–193 (2007)

K. Szymaniec, W. Chalupczak, S. Weyers, R. Wynands: Apparent power-dependent frequency shift due to collisions in a caesium fountain [pdf] 4). IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 54, 1721-1722 (2007)

K. Szymaniec, W. Chalupczak, E. Tiesinga, C. J. Williams, S. Weyers, R. Wynands: Cancellation of the collisional frequency shift in caesium fountain clocks [pdf] 2) . Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 153002-1-4 (2007)

R. Wynands, R. Schröder, S. Weyers: Majorana transitions in an atomic fountain clock [pdf] 4). IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 56, 660-663 (2007)

S. Weyers, R. Schröder, R. Wynands: Effects of microwave leakage in caesium clocks: theoretical and experimental results [pdf]: Proc. of the 20th European Frequency and Time Forum, 173-180 (2006)

A. Bauch, S. Weyers: New experimental limit on the validity of local position invariance [pdf] 2) . Phys. Rev. D 65, 081101-1-4(R) (2002)

S. Weyers, A. Bauch, R. Schöder, Chr. Tamm: The atomic caesium fountain CSF1 of PTB. Proc. of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, ed.: P. Gill, ISBN 981-02-4911-X, World Scientific, Singapore, 64-71 (2001)

S. Weyers, U. Hübner, R. Schröder, Chr. Tamm, A. Bauch: Uncertainty evaluation of the atomic caesium fountain CSF1 of the PTB [pdf]. Metrologia 38, 343-352 (2001)

T. Parker, P. Hetzel, S. Jefferts, S. Weyers, L. Nelson, A. Bauch, J. Levine: First Comparison of Remote Cesium Fountains [pdf] 4). Proc. 2001 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition, 6-8, Seattle, USA, 63-68 (2001)

S. Weyers, A. Bauch, U. Hübner, R. Schröder, Chr. Tamm: First Performance Results of the PTB's Atomic Caesium Fountain and a Study of Contributions to its Frequency Instability [pdf] 4). IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 47, No. 2, 432-437 (2000)

S. Weyers, D. Griebsch, U. Hübner, R. Schröder, C. Tamm, A. Bauch: Die neue Caesiumfontaene der PTB [pdf] 5). PTB-Mitteilungen 109, 483-491 (1999)


Low Frequency Transmitter DCF77

A. Bauch, P. Hetzel, D. Piester: Zeit- und Frequenzverbreitung mit DCF77: 1959 – 2009 und darüber hinaus [pdf]. PTB-Mitteilungen 119, Heft 3, 217-240 ( 2009)

D. Piester, A. Bauch, J. Becker, T. Polewka, M. Rost, D. Sibold, E. Staliuniene: PTB’s Time and Frequency Activities in 2006: New DCF77 Electronics, New NTP Servers, and Calibration Activities [pdf]; Proc. 38th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, Reston, Virginia, USA, 5-7 Dec 2006, 37-47 (2007)

D. Piester, P. Hetzel, A. Bauch: Zeit- und Normalfrequenzverbreitung mit DCF77 [pdf]. PTB-Mitteilungen114, Heft 4, 345-368 (2004)

P. Hetzel: Der Langwellensender DCF77 auf 77,5 kHz: 40 Jahre Zeitsignale und Normalfrequenz, 25 Jahre kodierte Zeitinformation [pdf]; PTB-Mitteilungen 109, Heft 1, 11-18 (1999)

P. Hetzel: Time dissemination via the LF transmitter DCF77 using a pseudo-random phase-shift keying of the carrier [pdf]. Proc. 2nd European Frequency and Time Forum, 16-18 Mar 1988, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 351-364 (1988)

P. Hetzel: Zeitübertragung auf Langwelle durch amplitudenmodulierte Zeitsignale und pseudozufällige Umtastung der Trägerphase [pdf]. Dissertation, Universität Stuttgart (1987)


Time and Frequency Transfer

D. Piester, M. Fujieda, M. Rost, A. Bauch: Time Transfer Through Optical Fibers (TTTOF): First Results of Calibrated Clock Comparisons [pdf]; Proc. 41th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, 16-19 Nov 2009, Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico, USA (2009)

D. Piester, A. Bauch, J. Becker, E. Staliuniene, C. Schlunegger: On Measurement Noise in the European TWSTFT Network. IEEE Trans. UFFC 55, 1906-1912 (2008)

D. Piester, A. Bauch, L. Breakiron, D. Matsakis, B. Blanzano, O. Koudelka: Time transfer with nanosecond accuracy for the realization of International Atomic Time [pdf] 1). Metrologia 45, 185-198 (2008)

D. Piester, A. Bauch, M. Fujieda, T. Gotoh, M. Aida, H. Maeno, M. Hosokawa, S. H. Yang: Studies on instabilities in long-baseline two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) including a troposphere delay model [pdf]. Proc. 39th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting, 27-29 Nov 2007, Long Beach, California, USA, 211-222 (2008)

A. Bauch, J. Achkar, S. Bize, D. Calonico, R. Dach, R. Hlavać, L. Lorini, T. Parker, G. Petit, D. Piester, K. Szymaniec, P. Uhrich: Comparison between frequency standards in Europe and the US at the 10-15 uncertainty level [pdf] 1). Metrologia 43, 109-120 (2006)

C. Hackman, J. Levine, T. Parker, D. Piester, J. Becker: A Straightforward Frequency-Estimation Technique for GPS Carrier-Phase Time Transfer; IEEE Trans. UFFC, 53, 9, 1570-1583 (2006)


Optical Frequency Standards

Chr. Tamm, S. Weyers, B. Lipphardt, E. Peik: Stray-field-induced quadrupole shift and absolute frequency of the 688-THz 171Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard [pdf]. Phys. Rev. A 80, 043403 (2009)

Chr. Tamm, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz, R. Wynands, S. Weyers, T . Schneider, E. Peik: 711Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard at 688 THz. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 56, 601 (2007)

E. Peik, T. Schneider, Chr. Tamm: Laser frequency stabilization to a single ion [pdf]. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39, 145 (2006)

T. Schneider, E. Peik, Chr. Tamm: Sub-hertz optical frequency comparisons between two trapped 711Yb+ ions [pdf] 2) . Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 230801 (2005)

J. Stenger, H. Schnatz, Chr. Tamm, H. R. Telle: Ultraprecise Measurement of Optical Frequency Ratios [pdf] 2) . Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 073601 (2002)


Tests of variability of fundamenta constants

S. G. Karshenboim, E. Peik: Astrophysics, atomic clocks and fundamental constants. Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 163, 1 (2008)

E. Peik, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz, Chr. Tamm, S. Weyers, R. Wynands: Laboratory limits on temporal variations of fundamental constants: an update. Proceedings of the Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity, Eds.: H. Kleinert, R. T. Jantzen and R. Ruffini, (World Scientifc, Singapore) 941-951 (2008): arXiv: physics/0611088

S. G. Karshenboim, V. Flambaum, E. Peik: Atomic clocks and constraints on variations of fundamental constants. Handbook of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Ed.: G. Drake, 2. edition (Springer, New York) 455-463 (2005) arXiv: physics/0410074

E. Peik, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz, T. Schneider, Chr. Tamm, S. G. Karshenboim: Limit on the present temporal variation of the fine structure constant [pdf] 2) . Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 170801 (2004)

Chr. Tamm, T. Schneider, E. Peik: Trapped ion optical frequency standards for laboratory tests of alpha-variability, in: Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants, Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 648, Eds.: S. G. Karshenboim, E. Peik, (Springer, Heidelberg, 2004)


Optical Nuclear Spectroscopy of 229Th

E. Peik, K. Zimmermann, M. Okhapkin, Chr. Tamm: Prospects for a nuclear optical frequency standard based on Thorium-229. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology (2009), arXiv:0812.3458

E. Peik: Long-lasting photoluminescence in polymers [pdf]. J.Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40, 3330 (2007)

E. Peik, Chr. Tamm: Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in 229Th [pdf]. Europhys. Lett. 61, 181-186 (2003)


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1) Copyright: IOP Publishing Ldt.

2) Copyright: APS (The American Physical Society)

3) Copyright: Springer Verlag

4) Copyright: IEEE

5) Copyright: Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Verlag für neue Wissenschaft GmbH, Bremerhaven


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